Understanding Human Sexuality, 15th Edition

Cover
Understanding Human Sexuality
Author Biography
Contents in Brief
Contents
Guide to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI)
Preface
Chapter 1: Sexuality in Perspective
	Sex and Gender
	The History of Understanding Sexuality: Religion and Science
		Religion
		Science
	The Media
	Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Sexuality
		Variations in Sexual Techniques
		Masturbation
		Premarital and Extramarital Sex
		Sex with Same-Gender Partners
		Standards of Attractiveness
		Social-Class and Ethnic-Group Variations in the United States
		The Significance of Cross-Cultural Studies
	A Sexually Diverse World: Sexuality in Two Societies
	A Sexually Diverse World: The Psychology of Racism in the United States
	A Sexually Diverse World: Sex in China
	Cross-Species Perspectives on Sexuality
		Masturbation
		Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
		Sexual Signaling
		Human Uniqueness
		The Nonsexual Uses of Sexual Behavior
	The Sexual Health Perspective
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Sexuality
	Evolutionary Theories
		Sociobiology
		Evolutionary Psychology
		Gender-Neutral Evolutionary Theory
	Psychological Theories
		Psychoanalytic Theory
		Learning Theory
		Social Exchange Theory
		Cognitive Theories
	A Sexually Diverse World: Learning Theory and Sexual Orientation in a Non-Western Society
	Critical Theories
		Feminist Theory
		Queer Theory
		Critical Race Theory
	Sociological Perspectives
		Symbolic Interaction Theory
		Sexual Scripts
		Social Institutions
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 3: Sex Research
	Measuring Sex
		Self-Reports
		Behavioral Measures
		Implicit Measures
		Biological Measures
	Milestones in Sex Research: Masters and Johnson: The Physiology of Sexual Response
	Issues in Sex Research
		Sampling
		Accuracy of Measurement
		Extraneous Factors
		Ethical Issues
	The Major Sex Surveys
		The Kinsey Report
		The NHSLS
		The NSSHB
		Sexual Behavior in Britain and Australia
		Race/Ethnicity in Research
	Milestones in Sex Research: Alfred C. Kinsey
	Studies of Special Populations
	Milestones in Sex Research: Diversity Science
	Web-Based Surveys
	Media Content Analysis
	Qualitative Methods
	Experiments
	Meta-Analysis
	Statistical Concepts
		Average
		Variability
		Average versus Normal
		Prevalence and Frequency
		Correlation
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 4: Sexual Anatomy
	Sex Organs in Female Bodies
		External Organs
	A Sexually Diverse World: Female Genital Cutting
		Internal Organs
		The Breasts
	Sex Organs in Male Bodies
		External Organs
		Internal Organs
	Cancer of the Sex Organs
		Breast Cancer
		Cancer of the Cervix, Endometrium, and Ovaries
		Cancer of the Prostate
		Cancer of the Testes
	First Person: Testicular Examination
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and the Menstrual Cycle
	Sex Hormones
		Sex Hormone Systems in Male Bodies
		Sex Hormone Systems in Female Bodies
	Prenatal Sexual Differentiation
		Sex Chromosomes
		Gonads
		Prenatal Hormones and the Genitals
		Descent of the Testes and Ovaries
		Brain Differentiation
		Homologous Organs
		Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation
	Milestones in Sex Research: Endocrine Disrupters
	Sexual Differentiation during Puberty
		Changes in Girls
	A Sexually Diverse World: The Debate over the Treatment of Intersex Individuals
		Changes in Boys
		Changes in Behavior
	The Menstrual Cycle
		Biology of the Menstrual Cycle
		Menstrual Problems
		Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle
		Cycles in Men
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 6: Pregnancy and Childbirth
	Conception
		Sperm Meets Egg: The Incredible Journey
		Improving the Chances of Conception: Making a Baby
	Development of the Conceptus
		The Embryo and Its Support Systems
		Fetal Development
	Pregnancy
		The Stages of Pregnancy
	A Sexually Diverse World: Race and Racism in Pregnancy and Infant Mortality in the United States
		Sex during Pregnancy
		Nutrition during Pregnancy
		Effects of Substances Taken during Pregnancy
	Birth
		The Beginning of Labor
		The Stages of Labor
		Cesarean Section (C-Section)
		Childbirth Options
	After the Baby Is Born: The Postpartum Period
		Physical Changes
		Psychological Changes
		Attachment to the Baby
		Sex Postpartum
	Breast-Feeding
		Biological Mechanisms
		Physical and Mental Health
	Problem Pregnancies
		Ectopic Pregnancy
		Pseudocyesis (False Pregnancy)
		Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension
		Birth Defects
		Rh Incompatibility
		Miscarriage (Spontaneous Abortion)
		Preterm Birth
	Infertility
		Causes of Infertility
		Psychological Aspects of Infertility
		Treatment of Infertility
	Assisted Reproductive Technologies
		Artificial Insemination
		Sperm Banks
		Test-Tube Babies
		Embryo Transfer
		GIFT and ZIFT
		Gender Selection
		Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 7: Contraception and Abortion
	Hormonal Methods
		The Combination Pill
		Other Kinds of Pills
		The Patch
		The Vaginal Ring
		Depo-Provera Injections ("The Shot")
		Emergency Contraception
	First Person: Margaret Sanger—Birth Control Pioneer
	LARC
		Implants
	Condoms
		The Male Condom
		The Female Condom
	Diaphragms, FemCap, and the Sponge
		The Diaphragm
		FemCap
		The Sponge
	Spermicides
	Withdrawal
	Fertility Awareness (Rhythm) Methods
	Sterilization
		Male Sterilization
		Female Sterilization
	Psychological Aspects: Attitudes toward Contraception
	Milestones in Sex Research: History of the Development of Sophisticated Methods of Contraception
	Abortion
		Abortion Procedures
		Psychological Aspects
		Men and Abortion
	A Sexually Diverse World: Abortion in Cross-Cultural Perspective
	New Advances in Contraception
		Male Methods
		Female Methods
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 8: Sexual Arousal
	The Sexual Response Cycle
		Excitement
		Orgasm
		Resolution
		More on Womenís Orgasms
	Other Models of Sexual Response
		Kaplanís Triphasic Model
		The Sexual Excitation-Inhibition Model
		Emotion and Arousal
	First Person: William Masters and Virginia Johnson
	Neural and Hormonal Bases of Arousal
		The Brain, the Spinal Cord, and Sex
		Brain Control of Sexual Response
		Hormones and Sex
		Sex OffendersóCastration or Incarceration?
	A Sexually Diverse World: Sexuality and Disability
	Milestones in Sex Research: Mapping the Sexual Brain
	Pheromones
	Sexual Techniques
		Erogenous Zones
		One-Person Sex
		Two-Person Sex
		Aphrodisiacs
		Sexual Satisfaction
	First Person: The Protestant Ethic: Sex as Work
	First Person: A Personal Growth Exercise—Getting to Know Your Own Body
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 9: Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
	Data Sources
	Infancy and the Preschool Years (Birth to 4 Years)
		Attachment
		Self-Stimulation
		ChildñChild Encounters
		Sexual Knowledge and Interests
		Knowledge about Gender
	Childhood (5 to 11 Years)
		Masturbation
		Heterosexual Behavior
		Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
		Sex Knowledge and Interests
		The Sexualization of Children
	Adolescence (12 to 18 Years)
		Masturbation
		Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
		Heterosexual Behavior
		Too Early Sex
		Romantic Relationships
		Internet Use, Risk, and Sexting
		Risky Sex and the Adolescent Brain
	Milestones in Sex Research: The Impact of the Media on Adolescent Sexuality
	Milestones in Sex Research: Teen Pregnancy and Parenthood
	The College Years
		Masturbation
		Patterns of Heterosexual Behavior
		Casual Sex
		Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
	How Sexuality Aids in Development
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 10: Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Adulthood
	Sex and the Single Person
		The Never Married
		Being Single
		Incels
	Cohabitation
	Marital Relationships
		Marital Sexuality
		Sexual Patterns in Marriage
		Sex and the Two-Career Family
		Cheating
	Nonmonogamous Relationships
		How Many People Engage in Extramarital Sex?
		Influences on Extramarital Sex
		Attitudes toward Extramarital Sex
		Internet Infidelity
		Equity and Extramarital Sex
		Open Nonmonogamous Relationships
		Consequences of Nonmonogamous Relationships
	Postmarital Sex
	Sex in Later Life
		Physical Changes in Women
		Physical Changes in Men
		Attitudes about Sex and the Elderly
		Sexual Behavior
	A Sexually Diverse World: Culture and Conceptualizations of Late Adulthood
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 11: Attraction, Love, and Communication
	Attraction
		The Girl Next Door
		Birds of a Feather
		Physical Attractiveness
		The Interpersonal Marketplace
		Attraction Online
		Explaining Our Preferences
	Intimacy
		Defining Intimacy
		Intimacy and Self-Disclosure
		Measuring Intimacy
	Love
		Triangular Theory of Love
		Attachment Theory of Love
		Love Styles
	Milestones in Sex Research: Jealousy
		Passionate and Companionate Love
		The Biology of Love
		Measuring Love
		Two-Component Theory of Love
		Cross-Cultural Research
		The Far Reach of the Internet and Western Values
	Communication
		Communication and Relationships
		Techniques of Good Communication
		Fighting Fair
		Checking Out Sexy Signals
		Relationship Education
	A Sexually Diverse World: Gender Differences in Communication
	First Person: How Solid Is Your Relationship?
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality
	Gender Roles and Stereotypes
		Gender Roles and Race/Ethnicity
		Socialization
	Psychological Gender Differences
	Gender Differences in Sexuality
		Masturbation
		Attitudes about Casual Sex
		Use of Pornography
		Arousal to Erotica
		The Orgasm Gap
		Sex Drive
	Why the Differences?
		Are the Differences Bogus?
		Biological Factors
		Cultural Factors
		Other Factors
	A Sexually Diverse World: Male Sexuality
	Beyond the Young Adults
	Transgender Issues and Experience
		Diagnosis Issues
		The Experiences of Trans People
		Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination against Trans People
		Transgender Development
		Sexuality for Trans People
		Trans Health and Mental Health
		Social, Medical, and Surgical Transition Processes
		Affirmative Psychotherapy with Transgender Individuals
		What Causes Gender Variation?
	Milestones in Sex Research: Measuring Discrimination against Trans People
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 13: Sexual Orientation: Gay, Straight, or Bi?
	Attitudes toward Gays and Lesbians
		Attitudes
		Gays and Lesbians as a Minority group
	Life Experiences of LGBs
		LGB Development
		Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Culture and Communities
		Gay and Lesbian Relationships
		Lesbian and Gay Families
	Milestones in Sex Research: The Ethics of Sex Research: The Tearoom Trade
	How Many People Are Gay, Straight, or Bi?
	Sexual Orientation and Mental Health
		Sin and the Medical Model
		Research Evidence
		Can Sexual Orientation Be Changed by Therapy?
	A Sexually Diverse World: Race and the Well-Being of LGBT People in the United States
	Why Do People Become Gay or Heterosexual?
		Biological Theories
		Learning Theory
		Sociological Theory
		The Bottom Line
	Differences between Gay Men and Lesbians
	Sexual Orientation in Multicultural Perspective
	A Sexually Diverse World: Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia
	Bisexuality
		Stereotypes and Prejudice
		Bisexual Development
		Mostly Heterosexuals
		Pansexuals
		Concluding Reflections
	First Person: Sexual Fluidity and Questioning
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 14: Variations in Sexual Behavior
	When Is Sexual Behavior Abnormal?
		Defining Abnormal
		The NormalñAbnormal Continuum
	Fetishism
		Why Do People Develop Fetishes?
	First Person: A Case History of a Shoe Fetishist
	Cross-Dressing
		Drag
		Female Impersonators
		Transvestites
	Sadism and Masochism
		Definitions
		Sadomasochistic Behavior
	Milestones in Sex Research: Sexual Addictions?
		Bondage and Discipline
		Dominance and Submission
		Causes of BDSM
		Race, Racism, and BDSM
	Voyeurism and Exhibitionism
		Voyeurism
		Exhibitionism
	Hypersexuality and Asexuality
		Hypersexuality
		Asexuality
	Cybersex Use and Abuse
	Other Sexual Variations
	Prevention of Sexual Variations
	Treatment of Sexual Variations
		Medical Treatments
		Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
		Skills Training
		AA-Type 12-Step Programs
		What Works?
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 15: Sexual Coercion
	Rape
		The Impact of Rape
		Date Rape
		Marital Rape
		Causes of Rape
		The Role of Alcohol in Sexual Assault
		Rapists
		Men as Victims of Rape
		Trans People as Victims
		Prison Rape
		Race/Ethnicity and Rape
		Preventing Rape
	First Person: A Date-Rape Victim Tells Her Story
	First Person: How Can Friends and Family Help a Rape Survivor?
	Milestones in Sex Research: Fraternity Gang Rape
	A Sexually Diverse World: Sexual Violence in Native America
	Child Sexual Abuse
		Patterns of Child Sexual Abuse
		Impact on the Victim
		The Offenders
	Sexual Harassment
		Sexual Harassment at Work
		Sexual Harassment in Education: An A for a Lay
		Doctor-Patient Sex
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 16: Sex for Sale
	Prostitution
		Venues for Sex Work
		Pimps and Madams
		Sex Trafficking
		The Career of a Sex Worker
		Sex Workersí Well-Being
		Customers
		Male Sex Workers
		Sex Tourism
	First Person: Working Their Way Through College
	Pornography
		The Porn Industry
		The Producers
		The Performers
		The Consumers
		The Effects of Exposure
		Objections to Pornography
	First Person: Behind the Scenes: Making X-Rated Videos
	First Person: "Nicole": A Victim of Child Pornography
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 17: Sexual Disorders and Sex Therapy
	Kinds of Sexual Disorders
		Desire Disorders
		Arousal Disorders
		Orgasmic Disorders
		Pain Disorders
	First Person: A Case of Female Orgasmic Disorder
	What Causes Sexual Disorders?
		Physical Causes
		Drugs
		Psychological Causes
		Combined Cognitive and Physiological Factors
		Interpersonal Factors
		A New View of Womenís Sexual Problems and Their Causes
	Therapies for Sexual Disorders
		Behavior Therapy
		Cognitive Behavior Therapy
		Mindfulness Therapy
		Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
		Couple Therapy
		Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
		Biomedical Therapies
	First Person: A Case of Low Sexual Desire
	Evaluating Sex Therapy
	Some Practical Information
		Avoiding Sexual Disorders
		Choosing a Sex Therapist
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 18: Sexually Transmitted Infections
	Chlamydia
		Symptoms
		Treatment
		Prevention?
	HPV
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Vaccine
	Genital Herpes
		Symptoms
		Treatment
		LongñTerm Consequences
		Psychological Aspects: Coping with Herpes
	HIV Infection and AIDS
		An Epidemic?
		Transmission
	A Sexually Diverse World: AIDS in Thailand
		The Virus
		The Disease
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Women, Children, People of Color, and AIDS
		Psychological Considerations in HIV/AIDS
		Recent Progress in AIDS Research
	Gonorrhea
	First Person: Safer Sex in the AIDS Era
		Symptoms
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	Syphilis
		Symptoms
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	Hepatitis B
	Trichomoniasis
	Pubic Lice
	Protecting Yourself
	Other Genital Infections
		Candida
		Prostatitis
	First Person: Cool Lines about Safer Sex
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 19: Ethics, Religion, and Sexuality
	Basic Concepts
	Sexuality in Great Ethical Traditions
		Classical Greek Philosophy
		Judaism
		Christianity
		Humanism
	Sexuality in Other Major Religions
		Islam
		Hinduism
		Buddhism
	A Sexually Diverse World: Dissent over Sexual Ethics in the Roman Catholic Church
	Contemporary Issues in Sexual Ethics
		Sex Outside Marriage
		Contraception
		Abortion
		Same-Gender Sexuality
	A Sexually Diverse World: Religious Position Statements on Abortion: Pro-life versus Pro-choice
	Technology and Sexual Ethics
	Toward an Ethics of Human Sexuality
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 20: Sex and the Law
	Why Are There Sex Laws?
	What Kinds of Sex Laws Are There?
		Crimes of Exploitation and Force
		Criminal Consensual Acts
		Crimes against Good Taste
		Crimes against Reproduction
		Criminal Commercial Sex
	A Sexually Diverse World: Universal Sexual Rights
	Discriminatory Laws Related to Sexuality
		Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
		Same-Sex Marriage
	A Sexually Diverse World: Legal Issues for Transgender Persons
	Sex-Law Enforcement
	Principles in Sex-Law Reform
		Efforts at Sex-Law Reform
		Right to Privacy
		Equal Protection
		Victimless Crimes
		Freedom of Speech
		Reproductive Rights
		Race, Social Class, and Sex Laws
	Sex and the Law in the Future
		Sex-Law Reform and Backlash
		The Legal Challenge of Assisted Reproductive Technologies
	Critical Thinking Skill
	Summary
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Epilogue: Looking to the Future: Sexuality Education
	In the Home, in the School, or Somewhere Else?
	What to Teach at Different Ages
		Childrenís Sexual Knowledge
		Childrenís Sexual Interests
	The Curriculum
		Abstinence-Only Programs
		The Politics of Sexuality Education
		HIV/AIDS Risk Education
		Comprehensive, Theoretically Based Programs
	A Sampling from a Comprehensive Sexuality Education Curriculum
	The Teacher
	Condom Availability
	Race and Sexuality Education
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
Directory of Resources