The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View, 4th Edition
- Length: 736 pages
- Edition: 4
- Language: English
- Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
- Publication Date: 2016-09-01
- ISBN-10: 1259544370
- ISBN-13: 9781259544378
- Sales Rank: #23369 (See Top 100 Books)
-Help your Introductory Psychology students master the foundations of Psychology while developing an appreciation for the entire discipline.
-Improve student performance with reports that highlight areas of strength and weakness and measure performance on learning objectives, metacognitive skills, and more.
-Help your students understand the functional side of Psychology, including why things go right and how to apply Psychology to improve their day-to-day lives.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 What Is Psychology?
Chapter 2 Psychology’S Scientific Method
Chapter 3 Biological Foundations Of Behavior
Chapter 4 Sensation And Perception
Chapter 5 States Of Consciousness
Chapter 6 Learning
Chapter 7 Memory
Chapter 8 Thinking, Intelligence, And Language
Chapter 9 Human Development
Chapter 10 Motivation And Emotion
Chapter 11 Gender, Sex, And Sexuality
Chapter 12 Personality
Chapter 13 Social Psychology
Chapter 14 Industrial And Organizational Psychology
Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders
Chapter 16 Therapies
Chapter 17 Health Psychology
Cover Title Page Copyright page Dedicated About the Author Brief Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 What is Psychology? Defining Psychology The Psychological Frame of Mind Psychology as the Science of All Human Behavior Critical Controversy Can Facebook Make You Miserable? Psychology in Historical Perspective Wundt's Structuralism and James's Functionalism Darwin's Natural Selection Psychological Inquiry Explore Evolution from Giraffes to Human Beings Contemporary Approaches to Psychology The Biological Approach The Behavioral Approach The Psychodynamic Approach The Humanistic Approach The Cognitive Approach The Evolutionary Approach The Sociocultural Approach Summing Up the Seven Contemporary Approaches What Psychologists Do Careers in Psychology Areas of Specialization Psychological Inquiry Questions That Psychology Specialists Ask Intersection Personality, Developmental, and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Why Do We Grow Up, Psychologically? The Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness How the Mind Impacts the Body How the Body Impacts the Mind Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 2 Psychology's Scientific Method Psychology's Scientific Method Step 1. Observing Some Phenomenon Step 2. Formulating Hypotheses and Predictions Step 3. Testing Through Empirical Research Step 4. Drawing Conclusions Step 5. Evaluating the Theory Types of Psychological Research Descriptive Research Correlational Research Psychological Inquiry Miserable but Helpful? Experimental Research Intersection Motivation and Social Psychology: Can a Sense of Purpose Buffer Distress in the Face of Diversity? Applications of the Three Types of Research Research Samples and Settings The Research Sample The Research Setting Analyzing and Interpreting Data Descriptive Statistics Psychological Inquiry Experimentation in a Natural Setting Inferential Statistics Conducting Ethical Research Ethics Guidelines Ethical Treatment of Research Animals Critical Controversy is It Ethical to Use Deception in Research? Thinking Critically About Psychological Research Avoid Overgeneralizing Based on Little Information Distinguish Between Group Results and Individual Needs Look for Answers Beyond a Single Study Avoid Attributing Causes Where None Have Been Found Consider the Source of Psychological Information The Scientific Method and Health and Wellness Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 3 Biological Foundations of Behavior The Nervous System Characteristics of the Nervous System Pathways in the Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Neurons Specialized Cell Structure The Neural Impulse Synapses and Neurotransmitters Critical Controversy Does Oxytocin Make People More Trusting? Neural Networks Structures of the Brain and Their Functions How Researchers Study the Brain and Nervous System Intersection Environmental Psychology and Neuroscience: How Does Spending Time in Nature Affect the Brain? How the Brain Is Organized Psychological Inquiry the Brain in Different Species The Cerebral Cortex The Cerebral Hemispheres and Split-Brain Research Integration of Function in the Brain The Endocrine System Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair The Brain's Plasticity and Capacity for Repair Brain Tissue Implants Genetics and Behavior Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA The Study of Genetics Psychological Inquiry Identical Twins Genes and the Environment Psychology's Biological Foundations and Health and Wellness Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 4 Sensation and Perception How We Sense and Perceive the World The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception Psychological Inquiry Old Woman or Young Woman? Sensory Receptors and the Brain Thresholds Critical Controversy Can We Feel the Future? Signal Detection Theory Psychological Inquiry Subliminal Perception: Working Up a Thirst Perceiving Sensory Stimuli Sensory Adaptation The Visual System The Visual Stimulus and the Eye Visual Processing in the Brain Color Vision Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy The Auditory System The Nature of Sound and How We Experience It Structures and Functions of the Ear Theories of Hearing Auditory Processing in the Brain Localizing Sound Other Senses The Skin Senses Intersection Sensation and Social Psychology: Why Do Some People Literally Feel What Others Feel? The Chemical Senses The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses Sensation, Perception, and Health and Wellness Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 5 States of Consciousness The Nature of Consciousness Defining Consciousness Consciousness and the Brain Levels of Awareness Critical Controversy Is Human Kindness Automatic? Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms and Sleep Why Do We Need Sleep? Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep Psychological Inquiry Taking a Ride on the Sleep Cycles Sleep Throughout the Life Span Sleep and Disease Sleep Disorders Dreams Psychoactive Drugs Uses of Psychoactive Drugs Psychological Inquiry Drug Use by U.S. Teenagers Types of Psychoactive Drugs Hypnosis The Nature of Hypnosis Explaining Hypnosis Uses of Hypnosis Consciousness and Health and Wellness: Meditation Mindfulness Meditation Lovingkindness Meditation The Meditative State of Mind Getting Started with Meditation Intersection Consciousness and Social Psychology: Can Lovingkindness Meditation Reduce Prejudice? Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 6 Learning Types of Learning Classical Conditioning Pavlov's Studies Psychological Inquiry from Acquisition to Extinction (to Spontaneous Recovery) Classical Conditioning in Humans Intersection Learning and Health Psychology: Can Classical Conditioning Be Used to Combat Obesity? Operant Conditioning Defining Operant Conditioning Thorndike's Law of Effect Skinner's Approach to Operant Conditioning Shaping Principles of Reinforcement Psychological Inquiry Schedules of Reinforcement and Different Patterns of Responding Applied Behavior Analysis Observational Learning Cognitive Factors in Learning Purposive Behavior Insight Learning Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning Biological Constraints Cultural Influences Psychological Constraints Critical COntroversy Do Learning Styles Matter to Learning? Learning and Health and Wellness Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 7 Memory The Nature of Memory Memory Encoding Attention Levels of Processing Elaboration Critical Controversy Why Is the Pen Superior to the Keyboard? Imagery Memory Storage Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Psychological Inquiry the Inner Workings of Working Memory Long-Term Memory Memory Retrieval Serial Position Effect Psychological Inquiry the Serial Position Effect: Lost in Midstream Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task Special Cases of Retrieval Intersection Consciousness and Cognitive Psychology: Can Mindfulness Meditation Increase Susceptibility to False Memories? Forgetting Encoding Failure Retrieval Failure Study Tips from the Science of Memory Memory and Health and Wellness Keeping Memory Sharp-and Preserving Brain Function Memory and the Shaping of Meaningful Experiences Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 8 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology Thinking Concepts Problem Solving Psychological Inquiry Thinking Outside the Box Reasoning and Decision Making Thinking Critically and Creatively Intersection Cognitive Psychology and Developmental Psychology: Do Children Engage in Wishful Thinking? Intelligence Measuring Intelligence Psychological Inquiry the Normal Curve Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence Extremes of Intelligence Critical Controversy Do Teachers Have Stereotypes About Gifted Children? Theories of Multiple Intelligences Language The Basic Properties of Language Language and Cognition Biological and Environmental Influences on Language Language Development over the Life Span Thinking, Problem Solving, and Health and Wellness Cognitive Appraisal and Stress Cognitive Reappraisal Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 9 Human Development Exploring Human Development Research Methods in Developmental Psychology How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development? What Is the Developer's Role in Development? Are Early or Later Life Experiences More Important in Development? Child Development Prenatal Development Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood Critical Controversy Do "Sticky Mittens" Foster Reaching in Infants? Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood Psychological Inquiry Thinking Critically About Object Permanence Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Childhood Moral Development in Childhood Adolescence Physical Development in Adolescence Cognitive Development in Adolescence Socioemotional Development in Adolescence Psychological Inquiry Exploring Identity Exploration Emerging Adulthood, Adult Development, and Aging Emerging Adulthood Physical Development in Adulthood Cognitive Development in Adulthood Socioemotional Development in Adulthood Human Development and Health and Wellness Intersection Developmental Psychology and Emotion: How Does the Emotional Work of Parenting Influence Well-Being? Coping and Adult Development Life Themes and Life-Span Development Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 10 Motivation and Emotion Theories of Motivation The Evolutionary Approach Drive Reduction Theory Psychological Inquiry Obeying the (Yerkes-Dodson) Law Optimum Arousal Theory Hunger, Obesity, and Eating Disorders The Biology of Hunger Obesity Disordered Eating Approaches to Motivation in Everyday Life Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs Self-Determination Theory Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals Critical Controversy Do Superstars Inspire or Discourage? Intersection Motivation and Behavior Genetics: Why Do We Procrastinate? Emotion Biological Factors in Emotion Cognitive Factors in Emotion Behavioral Factors in Emotion Sociocultural Factors in Emotion Classifying Emotions Psychological Inquiry The Full Circle of Emotions The Adaptive Functions of Emotions Motivation, Emotion, and Health and Wellness: The Pursuit of Happiness Biological Factors in Happiness Obstacles in the Pursuit of Happiness Happiness Activities and Goal Striving Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 11 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality Defining Sex and Gender Sex and Its Biological Components Gender Genes, Sex, and Gender Disorders of Sexual Development When Genetic Sex and Gender Conflict: Transgender Experience Theories of Gender Development Biological Approaches Evolutionary Psychology Social Cognitive Approaches Social Role Theory Critical Controversy are Men Better Negotiators Than Women? Evaluating the Theoretical Approaches to Gender The Psychology of Gender Differences Emotion, Empathy, and Helping Cognitive Ability Aggression Sexuality Psychological Inquiry Sex and Casual Sex Evaluating the Evidence for Gender Differences Sexual Orientation Defining Sexual Orientation Occurrence of the Different Sexual Orientations Origins of Sexual Orientation: A Scientific Puzzle Gay and Lesbian Functioning Sexual Behaviors and Practices Sexual Behaviors Sexual Practices Psychological Inquiry Sex in America The Human Sexual Response Pattern Cognition and Other Factors in Sexual Behavior Sexual Variations and Disorders Fetishes Intersection Developmental Psychology and Health Psychology: When Is a Person Psychologically "Ready" for Sex? Paraphilic Disorders Pedophilic Disorder Disorders of Sexual Desire and Sexual Response Variations, Disorders, and the Meaning of Normality Sexuality and Health and Wellness Sexual Behavior and Physical Health Sexual Behavior and Psychological Well-Being Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 12 Personality Psychodynamic Perspectives Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory Psychodynamic Critics and Revisionists Critical Controversy Does Birth Order Affect Personality? Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives Maslow's Approach Rogers's Approach Evaluating the Humanistic Perspectives Trait Perspectives Trait Theories The Five-Factor Model of Personality Psychological Inquiry Your Personality Traits: Who Are You? Evaluating the Trait Perspectives Intersection Personality Psychology and Comparative Psychology: Do Life Experiences Influence Personality? Personological and Life Story Perspectives Murray's Personological Approach The Life Story Approach to Identity Evaluating the Personological and Life Story Perspectives Social Cognitive Perspectives Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory Mischel's Contributions Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspectives Biological Perspectives Personality and the Brain Personality and Behavioral Genetics Evaluating the Biological Perspectives Personality Assessment Self-Report Tests Projective Tests Other Assessment Methods Personality and Health and Wellness Personality and Physical Health Psychological Inquiry a Can-Do Attitude Means You Can Quit Smoking Personality and Psychological Well-Being Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 13 Social Psychology Defining Social Psychology Features of Social Psychology An Example: The Bystander Effect Social Cognition Person Perception Attribution The Self as a Social Object Attitudes Intersection Social Psychology and Personality Psychology: Do Some People Just Hate Everything? Social Behavior Altruism Aggression Social Influence Conformity and Obedience Psychological Inquiry Obedience Then and Now Group Influence Intergroup Relations Group Identity Critical Controversy Why Does a Cell Phone Look Like a Gun? Ways to Improve Intergroup Relations Psychological Inquiry Improving Group Relations Through Cooperative Activities Close Relationships Attraction Love Models of Close Relationships Social Psychology and Health and Wellness Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 14 Industrial and Organizational Psychology Origins of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Scientific Management Ergonomics: Where Psychology Meets Engineering The Hawthorne Studies and the Human Relations Approach to Management Industrial Psychology Job Analysis Psychological Inquiry the Fastest-Growing Jobs in the United States Employee Selection Intersection I-O Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience: Can Neuroscience Help Identify the Right Brain for the Job? Training Performance Appraisal Organizational Psychology Approaches to Management Job Satisfaction Employee Commitment The Meaning of Work Leadership Organizational Culture Positive Organizational Culture Toxic Factors in the Workplace I-O Psychology and Health and Wellness Unemployment Stress at Work Critical Controversy Why Is Work-Life Balance So Difficult? Psychological Inquiry You Need a Vacation! Managing Job Stress Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 15 Psychological Disorders Defining and Explaining Abnormal Behavior Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorders Classifying Abnormal Behavior Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Critical Controversy Does Everyone Have ADHD? Panic Disorder Specific Phobia Social Anxiety Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Intersection Clinical Psychology and Social Psychology: Can Authentic Interactions Help Those with Social Anxiety? Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Disorders Involving Emotion and Mood Depressive Disorders Bipolar Disorder Psychological Inquiry Depression Among Women and Men Across Cultures Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Identity Disorder Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia Causes of Schizophrenia Psychological Inquiry The Association of Genes with Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Suicide Biological Factors Psychological Factors Sociocultural Factors Psychological Disorders and Health and Wellness Consequences of Stigma Overcoming Stigma Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 16 Therapies Approaches To Treating Psychological Disorders The Psychological Approach to Therapy The Biological Approach to Therapy Psychotherapy Central Issues in Psychotherapy Psychological Inquiry Does Therapy Work? Psychodynamic Therapies Humanistic Therapies Behavior Therapies Psychological Inquiry Classical Conditioning: The Backbone of Aversive Conditioning Cognitive Therapies Intersection Clinical Psychology and Developmental Psychology: Can CBT Be Applied More Effectively to Children? Therapy Integrations Biological Therapies Drug Therapy Critical Controversy are Antidepressants Better Than Placebos? Electroconvulsive Therapy Psychosurgery Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment Group Therapy Family and Couples Therapy Self-Help Support Groups Community Mental Health Cultural Perspectives Therapies and Health and Wellness Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge 17 Health Psychology Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine The Biopsychosocial Model The Relationship Between Mind and Body Making Positive Life Changes Theoretical Models of Change The Stages of Change Model Resources for Effective Life Change Motivation Social Relationships Religious Faith Psychological Inquiry Praying for Good Health Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress Stress and Its Stages Stress and the Immune System Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Stress and Cancer Coping with Stress Strategies for Successful Coping Stress Management Programs Critical Controversy How Powerful Is the Power of Positive Thinking? Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It Becoming Physically Active Psychological Inquiry Physical Activity: A Matter of Life and Death Eating Right Intersection Health Psychology and Cognition: Can Mindless Processing Enhance Healthy Eating? Quitting Smoking Psychology and Your Good Life Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge Glossary References Name Index Subject Index
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