The Physics of Satellite Charging: Causes, Effects, and Applications

see url Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Foreword Chapter 1. Overview 1.1 What Is Spacecraft Charging? 1.2 What Is Spacecraft Potential? 1.3 Why Is Spacecraft Charging Important? 1.4 Where Does Spacecraft Charging Occur? 1.5 When Does Spacecraft Charging Occur? 1.6 Electron and Ion Fluxes 1.7 General References References Chapter 2. Spacecraft Equilibrium Potential 2.1 An Introductory Dialog 2.1.1 Repelling of Like Charges 2.1.2 Attraction of Opposite Charges 2.2 Transient Charging 2.3 Equilibrium Level 2.4 Floating Potential 2.5 Electron and Ion Energies in a Sheath 2.5.1 Incoming Electrons 2.5.2 Outgoing Electrons 2.5.3 Incoming Positive Ions 2.5.4 Outgoing Ions References Chapter 3. Current Balance 3.1 Langmuir's Attraction Formula 3.2 Incoming Current 3.3 Current Balance of Electron and Ion Currents 3.4 Balance of Multiple Currents Chapter 4. How to Measure Spacecraft Potential 4.1 Energy Distribution 4.1.1 Repelled Species 4.1.2 Enhanced Graph 4.1.3 Non-Maxwellian Distribution 4.2 Instruments for Measuring Distributions 4.2.1 Retarding Potential Analyzer 4.2.2 Disadvantages of RPA 4.2.3 Plasma Analyzer 4.2.4 Long Booms References Chapter 5. Secondary and Backscattered Electrons 5.1 Secondary Electrons 5.2 Backscattered Electrons 5.3 Incoming and Outgoing Electron Fluxes 5.4 Empirical Formulae of SEY and BEY 5.5 Research Problems References Chapter 6. Critical Temperature for the Onset of Spacecraft Charging 6.1 Current Balance at the Onset of Spacecraft Charging 6.2 Two Important Properties 6.3 Integration Result 6.4 Critical Temperature for Various Materials 6.5 Evidence of the Existence of Critical Temperature 6.6 Balance of Incoming and Outgoing Maxwellian Currents References Chapter 7. Importance of Surface Conditions 7.1 Main Reasons for Inaccuracy 7.2 Secondary Electron Yield Formulae 7.3 Surface Conditions 7.4 Backscattered Electron Yield 7.5 Applications to Spacecraft Surface Conditions References Chapter 8. High-Level Spacecraft Potential 8.1 Beyond the Critical Temperature 8.2 Ion-Induced Secondary Electrons 8.3 Kappa Distribution References Chapter 9. Spacecraft Charging in Sunlight 9.1 The Photoelectric Effect 9.2 Photoelectron Emission 9.3 Photoelectron Current 9.4 Charging to Positive Potential 9.5 Photoelectron Yield 9.6 Surface Condition 9.6.1 Important Property 9.6.2 Important Property 9.7 Differential Charging in Sunlight 9.8 Possible Scenarios of Differential Charging 9.8.1 Bi-Reflectance Surface Pair 9.8.2 Eclipse Exit 9.9 Summary References Chapter 10. The Monopole-Dipole Model 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Monopole-Dipole Model 10.3 Illustrative Examples 10.4 Fraction of Electron Flux Escaping 10.5 Evidence of Trapped Low-Energy Electrons 10.6 "One-Third" Potential Ratio References Chapter 11. The Question of Independence on Ambient Electron Density in Spacecraft Charging 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Onset of Charging in Maxwellian Plasma 11.3 Charging to Finite Potentials in a Maxwellian Plasma 11.4 Spacecraft Charging in Kappa Plasma 11.5 Charging of Conducting Spacecraft in Sunlight 11.6 Negative-Voltage Charging of a Conducting Spacecraft in Sunlight 11.7 Charging in the Monopole-Dipole Model 11.8 Double Maxwellian Distribution 11.9 Charging in the Ionosphere 11.10 Facets of Spacecraft Charging: Critical Temperature and the Question of Dependence of Ambient Electron Density References Chapter 12. Spacecraft Charging Induced by Beam Emissions 12.1 Brief Review 12.2 Beam Emission 12.3 Beam Return 12.4 Supercharging 12.5 The Driving Force and the Response 12.6 Beam Divergence 12.7 Beam Emission for Space Propulsion 12.8 Spacecraft Damage by Beam Emission References Chapter 13. Mitigation Methods 13.1 Active and Passive Methods 13.2 Field Emission of Electrons 13.3 Disadvantage of Both Methods Using Electron Emission 13.4 Low-Energy Ion Emission 13.5 Low-Energy Plasma Emission 13.6 Partially Conducting Paint 13.7 Spray of Polar Molecules 13.8 Mitigation by Using Mirrors 13.9 Mitigation by Using LED References Index