Shame 4.0: Investigating an Emotion in Digital Worlds and the Fourth Industrial Revolution

follow link Foreword Acknowledgement Contents Editors and Contributors Chapter 1: Shame in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Industry 4.0, and the Age of Digitalisation 1 Asking the Relevant Questions of Our Times 2 What Meanings Do the Concepts of the ``Fourth Industrial Revolution´´ and ``Industry 4.0´´ Hold? 3 Why a Positive View of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Industry 4.0? 4 Emotions and Shame Within a Changing World 5 Critical Voices on the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Industry 4.0 Transitions 6 Cultural Voices in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and in Industry 4.0 7 Exploring New Perspectives on Shame in Cultures of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Industry 4.0 8 The Contribution of This Book References Part I: Shame 4.0 at the Workplace Chapter 2: Transforming Shame Through Love: Envisioning Positive Transcultural Leadership in Contemporary and Future Workplaces 1 Introduction 2 Transforming Shame Through Compassionate Love in Leadership 2.1 Conceptualisation of Shame 2.2 Conceptualisation of Transformational and Transcultural Leadership 2.3 Conceptualisation of Compassionate Love 2.4 Love and Shame in 4IR Workplaces 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Research Instrument 3.2 Sample and Sampling 3.3 Ethics and Limitations 4 Research Findings 4.1 How Does Love Support Transforming Shame in the Workplace? 4.2 How Are Love and Shame Interlinked? 4.3 Narrations of Love-Transformed Shame 4.4 Leadership Strategies to Transform Toxic Shame in the Workplace 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions 7 Recommendations for Theory and Practice References Chapter 3: Cross-Cultural Comparison of Mental Health Shame: Negative Attitudes and External, Internal, and Reflected Shame Ab... 1 Introduction 1.1 Challenging Work Mental Health 1.2 Work Mental Health in the 4IR 1.3 Mental Health Shame 1.4 Shame Culture of Japan and the UK 1.5 Aims 2 Methods 2.1 Participants 2.2 Instruments 2.3 Analysis Procedure 3 Results 3.1 Comparing the Levels of Mental Health and Shame 3.2 Comparing Correlations Between Mental Health and Shame 3.3 Comparing Shame´s Predictions of Mental Health 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Chapter 4: The Meaning of Shame for Malay People in Indonesia and Its Relation to Counterproductive Work Behaviors in the Four... 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Samples 2.2 Data Collection Method 2.3 Data Analysis Technique 3 Results 3.1 The Meaning of ``Malu´´ in Malay People 3.2 The Impacts of Rapid Technological Advances as a Main Feature of the 4IR Culture on ``Malu´´ in Malay People 3.3 Shame-Proneness and Counterproductive Work Behavior 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Shame 4.0: Empirical Evidence of the Importance of Emotions in a Technologising World of Work 1 Introduction 2 Emotions and Feelings in Industry 4.0 3 Shame in Human-Technology Interaction 4 Research Methodology 4.1 Research Paradigm and Approach 4.2 Research Methods 4.3 The Organisation, Access to the Organisation, and the Sample 4.4 Data Collection, Analysis, and Reporting 4.5 Qualitative Quality Criteria and Ethical Considerations 5 Findings 5.1 How Are Industry 4.0 and Shame Interconnected? 6 Discussion 7 Limitations 8 Conclusion 9 Recommendations from an Industrial and Organisational Psychology Perspective References Chapter 6: Bias, Prejudice and Shame in Predictive Policing: State-of-the-Art and Potential Interventions for Professionals 1 Introduction 2 Social Psychology Perspectives on Prejudice, Bias and Emotion 3 Shame in the Context of Policing, Prejudice and Bias 4 Prejudice and Bias in the Technological Age 5 Predictive Policing, Prejudice and Bias 6 Social Identity Theory and Its Impact on Predictive Policing 7 Interventions to Address Prejudice and Bias and Potential Shame 8 Social Psychology Interventions for the South African Predictive Policing Context 9 Conclusions and Recommendations References Part II: Shame 4.0 in Therapy, Counselling and Health Chapter 7: The Second Wave Positive Psychology of Shame in East and West in the Age of the 4IR 1 Introduction 2 The Challenges of COVID-19 3 The Digital Culture, 4IR, and Shame 3.1 Shame and Meritocracy 3.2 Shame from an Existential Spiritual Perspective 3.3 Shame in the Asian Culture 3.4 The Positive Side of Shame 4 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Deterritorialization of Shame in Japan During the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) 1 The 4IR and Social Issues of Shame in Japan 2 Hikikomori Is a Recent Social Phenomenon 3 Therapeutic Application of Deterritorialization of Shame 4 Conclusion References Chapter 9: A Re-conceptualisation of Erikson´s Life Cycle: A Proposed Process to Address Individual Experiences of `Shame´ 1 Introduction 2 The 4IR and Its Risk of the By-Product of `Shame´ 3 Definitions of `Shame´ 4 `Shame´ Within the Life Cycle of Human Development 5 The Implications of Erikson´s Life Cycle to Concerns of the 4IR 6 Reflections and Questions About This Proposal in the Context of the 4IR References Chapter 10: Overcoming Shame: A Positive Psychology Perspective 1 Introduction 1.1 Factors Contributing to Shame 1.2 Existential Positive Psychology (EPP) and Shame 2 Managing Shame 2.1 Shame Resilience Theory (SRT) 2.2 Internal Shame and External Shame 2.3 Meaning Therapy 2.3.1 The PURE Strategy of Life Expansion 2.3.2 The ABCDE Strategy of Life Protection 2.4 Compassion-Focused Therapy and Shame 2.5 Mindfulness Empathy 2.6 Other Strategies to Manage Shame 3 Shame in Fourth Industrial Revolution 4 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Making the Cut: Mass Media and the Growing Desire for Genital Cosmetic Surgery by Young Women and Girls 1 Introduction 1.1 The Ever-Oscillating Nature of Female Body Ideals 2 Society, Body Image, and Cosmetic Surgery 2.1 The Internet and Body Image 2.2 Shame and the Desire for Cosmetic Surgery 3 Shame and Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery 3.1 The `Ideal´ Female Genital Aesthetic and Shame 3.2 Shame and the Rise of Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery 4 Normalising Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery: The Influence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution 4.1 Body Talk Bodies Talk 4.2 Pathologising the Female Body 5 Implications, Considerations, and Conclusions 5.1 Psychological and Social Implications 5.2 Clinical and Ethical Considerations 5.3 Concluding Comment References Chapter 12: ``In the depths of winter, I finally learned that within me there lay an invincible summer´´. Life Crises, Shame E... 1 Introduction 2 Life Crises 2.1 Life Crises and Gender 3 Life Crises and Shame 3.1 Shame and Gender 3.2 Shame and Culture 4 Life Crises and Digital Resources 5 Research Methodology 5.1 Data Collection, Analysis and Reporting 5.2 Sample 5.3 Limitations 6 Findings of the Study 6.1 Character of the Crisis Experienced 6.1.1 Life Crises as Descriptions of Breaks in Development and Life Courses 6.1.2 Life Crises as Marker in the Reconstruction of One´s Own Biography 6.1.3 Life Crises as an Explicative Concept 6.1.4 Relevance of Life Crises 6.2 Relationship Between Life Crises and Shame 6.3 Relevance of Digital Resources in Overcoming the Crisis 7 Discussion 8 Recommendations for Further Research References Part III: Shame 4.0 in Philosophy, Religion and Belief Systems Chapter 13: Lessons Learnt from Baruch Spinoza: Shame and Faith Development in the Light of Challenges in Contemporary Society 1 Introduction 1.1 Lessons to Learn in Industry 4.0 2 Psychobiography in Research and Practice and Its Potential Impact on Contemporary Issues and Industry 4.0 3 Baruch Spinoza: A Synoptic Biography of His Life and Work 4 Shame Experiences and Their Transformation 5 Fowler´s Faith Development Theory (FDT) 5.1 Pre-stage (Stage 0): Primal Faith and the Incorporate Self 5.2 Stage 1: Intuitive Projective Faith and the Impulsive Self 5.3 Stage 2: Mythical-Literal Faith and the Imperial Self 5.4 Stage 3: Synthetic-Conventional Faith and the Interpersonal Self 5.5 Stage 4: Individuative-Reflective Faith and the Institutional Self 5.6 Stage 5: Conjunctive Faith and the Interindividual Self 5.7 Stage 6: Universalising Faith and the God-Grounded Self 6 Findings and Discussion: Shame and Faith in Baruch Spinoza´s Life 6.1 Baruch Spinoza´s Family Background 6.2 Childhood and Adolescence of Baruch Spinoza (1632-1650) 6.3 Early Adulthood (1650-1660) 6.4 Middle Adulthood (1660-1677) to His Death Aged 45 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 7.1 How did Spinoza Deal with and Transform the Experienced Shame in His Life? 7.2 How Did the Development of Faith Happen in His Life? 7.3 How Are Shame and Faith Development Connected? 7.4 Which Lessons Can Be Learnt from Spinoza´s Life for Dealing with the New Challenges in Industry 4.0? 7.4.1 The Person and Personal Development of Spinoza 7.4.2 Topics of Spinoza for Contemporary Society References Chapter 14: lajjA and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR): The Need for Pause 1 Introduction 2 Two Faces of 4IR 3 What We Know About lajjA 4 lajjA, Responsibility and 4IR: Need for Pause 5 Discussion References Chapter 15: Relooking at Shame as a Cultural Phenomenon Through a Generational Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Implication for Future Studies 5 Conclusion 6 Implications of the Study Appendix 1: Structured Interview Questions Appendix 2: Story Titles Appendix 3: Story Narration Appendix 4 References Chapter 16: ``This Will Go Down on Your Permanent Record´´: Redeeming Shame in a World That Doesn´t Forget 1 Introduction 2 Shame and the Permanent Public Memory 2.1 Shame in Christian Theology: A Problem of Perspective 3 Deconstructing the Shame System 4 ``Consider Yourselves´´: Positive Image-Building in Community 5 Redeeming Shame Today 6 Conclusion References Part IV: Shame 4.0 in the Media Chapter 17: Shame Dwells in the Eyes: Analysing Social Media Culture Using Aristotle´s Perspectives 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Aristotle on Shame: Aidos and Aiskhyne 4 The Social Self: Common Ground Between Aristotle´s Account and Social Media Culture 5 The Semiotic Square of Shame, Showing How Shame Dwells in the Eyes (Fig. 17.1) 6 Aiskhyne: A Mental Picture of Disgrace 7 Aidos Dwells in the Eyes 8 Aidos and Aiskhyne in the Nicomachean Ethics 9 Aiskhyne, Aidos and Social Media Shame 10 Social Media Shame in 4IR 11 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 18: Naming and Shaming in Cyberspace: Forms, Effects and Counterstrategies 1 Introduction 2 What Is Online Shaming? 3 Forms and Causes of Online Shaming 3.1 Slut-Shaming 3.2 Glorifying Eating Disorders, Body Image and Shame 4 Counterstrategies to Transform Shame in the 4IR Context 5 Conclusion 6 Outlook Regarding Future Theory and Practice References Chapter 19: Body Shame and Social Media for Chinese International Students in the United States 1 Introduction 1.1 The Concept of Shame 1.2 Shame and Self-Identity in Cultural Contexts 1.3 Social Media and Body Shame in the Fourth Industrial Revolution 2 Method 2.1 Participants 2.2 Procedures 2.3 Phenomenology Approach 2.4 Data Analyses and Credibility 3 Results 3.1 Experiences of Body Shame 3.1.1 Theme 1. Shame as a Challenging Feeling to Communicate 3.1.2 Theme 2. The Various Focuses on the Body 3.1.3 Theme 3. Body Shame as Comparisons to Real or Imaginary Others and the Norm 3.1.4 Theme 4. Body Shame is a Major Contributor to Low Self-Esteem 3.1.5 Theme 5. Consequences of Body Shame: Romantic Relationship Barrier, Social Isolation, and Urges for Compensatory Behavio... 3.2 Body Shame in the Cross-Cultural Contexts 3.2.1 Theme 1. Different Internalized Cultural Norms/Values 3.2.2 Theme 2. Earlier Body Shame Experience in the Cultural Context 3.2.3 Theme 3. Positive Lifestyle Changes in Cultural Adjustment 3.3 Body Shame and Social Media 3.3.1 Theme 1. Social Media Influences Ideal Body Image 3.3.2 Theme 2. Social Media Triggers Negative Emotions and Enhances Body Shame 3.3.3 Theme 3. Peer Comparison and the Interaction on Social Media 3.3.4 Theme 4. Shifting Focus Away from Social Media 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Chapter 20: Shaming in the Internet Era: Evaluating the Reintegrative Function of Shame in Digital Spaces 1 Defining the Concept of Shame 2 Historical Notions About Shame and Shaming 2.1 The Culture of Shame 2.2 Shame and lajjA 2.3 The Industrial Revolution and Digital World 3 Significance of the Study 4 Methodology 4.1 Participants 4.2 Research Paradigm 4.3 Procedure 4.4 Survey Questionnaire 4.5 Method of Data Collection 4.6 Analysis 4.7 Ethical Considerations 5 Findings 5.1 Notions About Online Shaming 5.2 Characteristics Assigned to the Vigilante 5.2.1 Feelings of Inferiority 5.2.2 Anonymity of Physical Identity 5.2.3 Ingenuity 5.3 Encountering Shame 5.3.1 Limiting Activity 5.3.2 Silence and Agitation 5.3.3 Confrontation 5.3.4 Counter Shaming 5.3.5 Legal Assistance 5.3.6 Resilience 5.3.7 Demand for Change in Perception of Vigilante 5.3.8 Response to Apology 5.4 Perceived Consequences of Shaming 5.4.1 Stunting Creativity 5.4.2 Self-Doubt 5.4.3 Irreversibility of Shame 5.5 Perceived Sentiments on Shaming 5.5.1 Anger Toward the Vigilante 5.5.2 Fear of Non-conformity and Judgment 5.5.3 Fear of Being Infamous 5.5.4 Embarrassment and Shame to Assert Self 6 Discussion 7 Summary 8 Limitations and Future Directions References Chapter 21: Real-World Consequences of Devirtualization from Online to Offline Spaces: The Role of Shame as a Resource in the ... 1 Introduction 1.1 Background to the Honor Killing of Qandeel Baloch 1.2 Aims 2 Shame 2.1 Shame as a Master Emotion 2.2 The Information Threat Theory of Shame 3 Shame and Honor Killing in Pakistan 4 Blurred Boundaries in Social Media Communication 4.1 Social Media Versus Real-World Protest 5 Case Study: The Honor Killing of Qandeel Baloch 6 Conclusions References Chapter 22: Transcending Shame Through Rebellion: The Modern Arab Woman, Sexual Suppression, and the Will to Break Free 1 Introduction 1.1 Defining `Arab´ Women and the `Arab´ World 2 Unconscious Dynamics of Shame in the Context of Arab Culture 2.1 Conceptualising Shame 2.2 Shame and the Arab Context 2.3 (Arab) Women in (Arab) Society 3 Women and the Culture of Psychosocial Shame 3.1 Arab Women and Shame 3.2 The Rise of Arab Women 4 Transcending Shame Through the Fourth Industrial Revolution 4.1 The Rise into Rebellion 4.2 Liberation and Control 5 Conclusion References Chapter 23: A Place for 4IR in Transforming Shame in Returning Migrants 1 Introduction 2 Shame as a Driver of Migration 3 Shame in Returning Migration 4 What´s the Need? 5 Current Efforts 6 Harnessing the 4IR References Chapter 24: The Terror of Being Judged: Public Shaming as Resource and Strategic Tool 1 Introduction: Shame as Political Tool 2 Research Methodology 3 Case Example True Fruits 3.1 Initial Situation 3.2 Public Shaming Activities 3.3 Company Reaction 3.4 Interpretation of the Results with Regard to the Company 3.4.1 Personalisation 3.4.2 Time and Effort 3.4.3 Expectations 3.4.4 Problem-Solving Competence 3.4.5 Integrity 3.4.6 Empathy 3.5 Interpretation of the Results with Regard to the Campaign Initiators 4 Conclusions 5 Further Need for Research References Chapter 25: Artificial Shame in the Fourth Industrial Revolution 1 Introduction 1.1 Objective of the Chapter 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Study Design 2.2 Study Eligibility Criteria 2.3 Data Analysis 2.4 Strategies Used to Ensure Data Quality 3 Theoretical Background 3.1 The Concept of Shame 3.2 The Evolution of Shame 4 Literature Review 4.1 The Concept of Artificial Intelligence 4.2 The Concept of Artificial Morality 4.3 Artificial Cognitive Architecture 4.4 Theoretical Framework for the Design of Artificial Emotion Systems in Machines 5 Discussion and Practical Implications 5.1 Emotions and Machines: Artificial Shame? 6 Chapter Conclusion References Chapter 26: Cybershaming Never Rests: Suggestions for Dealing with Cybershaming in a Digital Culture 1 Introduction 2 Digital Culture 3 Cybershaming 3.1 The Virtues and Vices of Cybershaming 3.1.1 The Virtues of Cybershaming 3.1.2 The Vices of Cybershaming 4 Social Justice 4.1 The Role of Social Norms in Cybershaming 5 Dealing with Cybershaming 5.1 Digital Discretion 5.2 Shame as a Resource 6 Conclusion References Chapter 27: Technologies of Shame: Agency, Identity, and Visibility 1 Introduction 2 Shame as a Cloaking Device 3 The Technological Origins of Shame 4 Shaming Technology 5 Shame Embedded in Technology References Part V: Outlook for Shame 4.0 in the Face of the Covid-19 Pandemic Chapter 28: ``Who Could Breathe Without Hope´´ Shame and Shaming 4.0 During Covid-19 and Beyond 1 Trends in Global Working and Learning Environments during Covid-19 2 COVID-19 Promotes Shaming in the Form of Racism and Social and Cultural Finger-Pointing 3 COVID-19 Fosters Shame Through Social Isolation and Loneliness 4 Positive Psychology and Coping with Shame 4.0 During Covid-19 References Chapter 29: Shame Warrior 1 Introduction: The Role of Energy and How it Influences Human Behaviour?