Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 6th Edition

https://colvetmiranda.org/pm2f9l53n41 Preface Companion Website Acknowledgments About the Authors PART I PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS Chapter 1 The Selection of a Research Approach Learning Objectives Introducing Key Terms in this Chapter Three Approaches or Methodologies in Research Three Major Components of a Research Approach Philosophical Worldviews The Postpositivist Worldview The Constructivist Worldview The Transformative Worldview The Pragmatic Worldview Research Designs Quantitative Designs Qualitative Designs Mixed Methods Designs Research Methods Interconnecting Worldviews, Designs, and Methods Criteria for Selecting a Research Approach The Research Problem and Questions Personal Experiences Audience Summary Key Terms Writing Exercises Additional Readings Chapter 2 Review of the Literature Learning Objectives Introduction The Research Topic A Draft Title A Significant Topic The Purpose and Organization of a Literature Review Purpose of a Literature Review The Organization of the Literature Review General Forms A Qualitative Structure A Quantitative Structure A Mixed Methods Structure Steps in Conducting a Literature Review Searching the Literature Computer Databases Types of Literature Priority of the Literature Overall Evaluation Quality Abstracting the Literature Components of an Abstract Theoretical, Conceptual, and Methodological Abstracts A Literature Map Style Manual Use The Definition of Terms General Guidelines Special Terms ► Example 2.2 Defining Terms in a Dissertation Summary Key Terms Writing Exercises Additional Readings Chapter 3 The Use of Theory Learning Objectives Introduction The Varied Use of Theory Quantitative Theory Use Definition of a Theory in Quantitative Research Variables in Quantitative Research Testing Causal Claims in Quantitative Research Stating Theories in Quantitative Research Placement of Quantitative Theories Writing a Quantitative Theoretical Perspective ► Example 3.1 A Quantitative Theory Section Qualitative Theory Use Variation in Theory Use in Qualitative Research Locating the Theory in Qualitative Research ► Example 3.2 A Theory Early in a Qualitative Study ► Example 3.3 Theory at the End of a Qualitative Study Mixed Methods Theory Use Types of Mixed Methods Theory Use Importance of a Theory Distinctions Between a Theory and a Worldview A Theoretically Driven Mixed Methods Study What Theory Informs ► Example 3.4 A Discipline-Based Theory in a Mixed Methods Study Summary Key Terms Writing Exercises Additional Readings Chapter 4 Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations Learning Objectives Introduction Writing the Proposal Topics Presented in a Proposal A Qualitative Proposal ► Example 4.1 A Qualitative Constructivist or Interpretivist Format A Quantitative Proposal ► Example 4.2 A Qualitative Participatory or Social Justice Format ► Example 4.3 A Quantitative Format A Mixed Methods Proposal ► Example 4.4 A Mixed Methods Format Designing the Sections of a Proposal Writing Strategies The Process The Habit of Writing Clear and Concise Writing Coherence Voice, Tense, and “Fat” Ethical Issues Prior to Beginning the Study Beginning the Study Collecting the Data Analyzing the Data Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data Summary Key Terms Writing Exercises Additional Readings PART II DESIGNING RESEARCH Chapter 5 The Introduction Learning Objectives Introduction to a Study The Importance of Introductions An Abstract for a Study Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions A Model for an Introduction An Illustration of an Introduction The Research Problem Evidence From the Literature Justifying the Problem Deficiencies in the Evidence ► Example 5.1 Deficiencies in the Literature—Needed Studies ► Example 5.2 Deficiencies in the Literature—Few Studies Importance of the Problem for Audiences ► Example 5.3 Significance of the Study Stated in an Introduction to a Quantitative Study Summary Key Terms Writing Exercises Additional Readings Chapter 6 The Purpose Statement Learning Objectives Introduction Significance of a Purpose (or Study Aim) Statement A Qualitative Purpose Statement ► Example 6.1 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Phenomenology Study ► Example 6.2 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Case Study ► Example 6.3 A Purpose Statement in a Narrative Study ► Example 6.4 A Purpose Statement in a Grounded Theory Study A Quantitative Purpose Statement ► Example 6.5 A Purpose Statement in a Survey Study ► Example 6.6 A Purpose Statement in a Dissertation Survey Study ► Example 6.7 A Purpose Statement in an Experimental Study A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement ► Example 6.8 A Convergent Mixed Methods Purpose Statement ► Example 6.9 An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement ► Example 6.10 An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement Summary Key Terms Writing Exercises Additional Readings Chapter 7 Research Questions and Hypotheses Learning Objectives Introduction Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses ► Example 7.1 Script for a Descriptive Quantitative Research Question ► Example 7.2 Script for a Relationship-Oriented Quantitative Research Question and Directional Hypothesis ► Example 7.3 Example of Quantitative Directional Hypotheses Qualitative Research Questions ► Example 7.4 A Qualitative Central Question in an Ethnography ► Example 7.5 Qualitative Central Questions in a Case Study ► Example 7.6 Qualitative Sub-Questions Mixed Methods Research Questions and Hypotheses ► Example 7.7 Statement of Objectives in a Mixed Methods Study ► Example 7.8 Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study Summary Key Terms Writing Exercises Additional Readings Chapter 8 Quantitative Methods Learning Objectives Introduction Putting Quantitative Research in Context Quantitative Designs Components of a Survey Study Method Plan The Survey Design The Purpose Rationale for Using the Survey Method Type of Survey Method Specify the Form of Data Collection The Population and Sample The Population Sampling Design Type of Sampling Population Stratification Sample Size Determination Power Analysis Instrumentation The Survey Instruments Used to Collect Data Instruments and Measures Validity of Scores Using the Instrument Reliability of Scores on the Instrument Inter-Rater Reliability Sample Items Content of an Instrument Pilot Testing Administering the Survey Variables in the Study Data Analysis Preregistering the Study Plan Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section Reporting Results Statistical Tests in Survey Research Practical Evidence Context of Previous Studies Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Participants Recruiting Participants Random Assignment Power Analysis for Sample Size Formal Design Statement Variables Independent Variables Manipulation Check Dependent Variables Other Variables Instrumentation and Materials Materials Cover Story Experimental Procedures Type of Experiment ► Example 8.1 Pre-Experimental Designs ► Example 8.2 Quasi-Experimental Designs ► Example 8.3 True Experimental Designs ► Example 8.4 Single-Subject Designs Threats to Validity Internal Validity External Validity The Procedure Data Analysis Reporting the Descriptive Statistics Preliminary Analysis Inferential Statistical Tests Factorial Designs Single-Subject Designs Preregistering the Study Plan Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section ► Example 8.5 An Experimental Method Plan Summary Key Terms Writing Exercises Additional Readings Chapter 9 Qualitative Methods Learning Objectives Introduction Putting Qualitative Research Into Context Participants’ Meanings Natural Setting Researcher as Key Instrument Multiple Sources of Data Inductive and Deductive Data Analysis Emergent Design Reflexivity Researcher’s Role A Complex Account The Approach or Design Descriptive Methods Analytic Frameworks Data Collection Procedures Sampling and Recruitment Permissions Data Collection Types Ethical Issues Data Recording Procedures Observation Protocol or Guide Interview Protocol Data Analysis Procedures Simultaneous Procedures Winnowing the Data Using Qualitative Computer Software Programs Steps in the Analytic Process Step 1. Organizing and Preparing the Data for Analysis Step 2. Reading Through All the Data Step 3. Coding the Data Step 4. Identifying Themes Step 5. Developing a Story Line Interpretation Step 6. Further Analyzing the Data Using an Analytic Framework Step 7. Representing and Interpreting the Data Coding the Data Expected Codes Surprising Codes Codes of Unusual or Conceptual Interest Predetermined Codes Visual Images as Codes Interpretation Validity and Reliability Defining Qualitative Validity Validity Strategies Reliability Strategies Intercoder Agreement Qualitative Generalization Writing the Qualitative Report Writing Strategies A Sample Qualitative Method Section The Qualitative Research Paradigm The Ethnographic Research Design The Researcher’s Role Bounding the Study Setting Actors Events Processes Ethical Considerations Data Collection Strategies Data Analysis Procedures Verification Reporting the Findings Summary Key Terms Writing Exercises Additional Readings Chapter 10 Mixed Methods Procedures Learning Objectives Introduction Putting Mixed Methods Research in Perspective Characteristics of Mixed Methods Research Justification for Using Mixed Methods Research Definitions of Mixed Methods Terms Open- and Closed-Ended Data Research Design Integration Joint Display Metainferences The Process of Conducting a Mixed Methods Study Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection Core Mixed Methods Designs The Convergent Mixed Methods Design Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design Complex Mixed Methods Designs Types of Complex Designs Development of Complex Designs Examples of Complex Designs Incorporating Core Designs Into Complex Designs Factors Important in Choosing a Mixed Methods Design Choice Based on Intent and Procedures Other Reasons for Choosing a Design Popular Designs in a Field or Discipline The Single Researcher Versus a Team Choice of Design by Advisers or Mentors Secondary Reasons for a Choice Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures ► Example 10.1 A Convergent Mixed Methods Design ► Example 10.2 An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design ► Example 10.3 An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design ► Example 10.4 Social Justice Design Summary Key Terms Writing Exercises Additional Readings Glossary References Author Index Subject Index