Physiology of Behavior, Global Edition, 13th Edition

Buy Soma 350 Online Cover Title Page Copyright Brief Contents Contents Preface Chapter 1. Introduction Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience The Goals of Research Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience Natural Selection and Evolution Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits Evolution of Human Brains Ethical Issues in Research with Humans and Other Animals Research with Animals Research with Humans The Future of Neuroscience: Careers and Strategies for Learning Careers in Neuroscience Strategies for Learning Chapter 2. Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System Cells of the Nervous System The Nervous System: An Overview Neurons Supporting Cells The Blood–Brain Barrier Communication Within a Neuron Neural Communication: An Overview Electrical Potentials of Axons The Membrane Potential The Action Potential Conduction of the Action Potential Communication Between Neurons Structure of Synapses Release of Neurotransmitters Activation of Receptors Postsynaptic Potentials Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials Autoreceptors Other Types of Synapses Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication Chapter 3. Structure of the Nervous System Basic Features of the Nervous System Anatomical Directions The Meninges and Ventricular System Structure and Function of the Central Nervous System (CNS) The Forebrain: Telencephalon The Forebrain: Diencephalon The Midbrain: Mesencephalon The Hindbrain: Metencephalon and Myelencephalon The Spinal Cord Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter 4. Psychopharmacology and Neurotransmitters Principles of Psychopharmacology An Overview of Psychopharmacology Pharmacokinetics Drug Effectiveness Effects of Repeated Administration Placebo Effects Sites of Drug Action Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters Effects on Receptors Effects on Reuptake and Deactivation of Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Amino Acids Acetylcholine (ACh) The Monoamines Peptides Lipids Chapter 5. Methods and Strategies of Research Experimental Ablation Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage Producing Brain Lesions Stereotaxic Surgery Histological Methods Tracing Neural Connections Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity Recording Neural Activity Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity Stimulating Neural Activity Neurochemical Methods Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals Localizing Particular Receptors Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain Genetic Methods Twin Studies Adoption Studies Genomic Studies Targeted Mutations Antisense Oligonucleotides CRISPR-Cas Methods Chapter 6. Vision The Eye Introduction to Sensation and Perception The Stimulus: Light Anatomy of the Eye Photoreceptors Transduction Central and Peripheral Vision Overview of the Visual Pathway Other Retinal Pathways Brain Regions Involved in Visual Processing Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Striate Cortex Extrastriate Cortex Perceiving Color Role of the Retinal Ganglion Cells Role of the Retina Role of the Striate and Extrastriate Cortex Perceiving Form Role of the Striate Cortex Role of the Extrastriate Cortex Perceiving Spatial Location Role of the Retina Role of the Striate and Extrastriate Cortex Perceiving Orientation and Movement Role of the Striate Cortex Role of the Extrastriate Cortex Chapter 7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses Audition The Stimulus: Sound Anatomy of the Ear Auditory Hair Cells Transduce Auditory Information The Auditory Pathway Perceiving Pitch Perceiving Loudness Perceiving Timbre Perceiving Spatial Location Perceiving Complex Sounds Perceiving Music Vestibular System Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus The Vestibular Pathway Somatosenses The Stimuli Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs Perceiving Cutaneous Stimulation The Somatosensory Pathways Perceiving Pain Gustation The Stimuli Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells Perceiving Gustatory Information The Gustatory Pathway Olfaction The Stimulus and Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus Transducing Olfactory Information Perceiving Specific Odors Chapter 8. Control of Movement Skeletal Muscle Anatomy The Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction Sensory Feedback from Muscles Control of Movement by the Spinal Cord The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex The Gamma Motor System Polysynaptic Reflexes Control of Movement by the Brain Cortical Structures Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex Subcortical Structures Cortical Control of Movement: Descending Pathways Complex Motor Behavior Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System Control of Reaching and Grasping: Role of the Parietal Cortex Deficits of Skilled Movements: Apraxias and Dyspraxia Limb Apraxia Constructional Apraxia Dyspraxia Chapter 9. Sleep and Biological Rhythms What Is Sleep? Stages of Sleep Brain Activity During Sleep Why Do We Sleep? Functions of Sleep Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep Functions of REM Sleep Sleep and Learning Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking Neural Control of Sleep Neural Control of Arousal Neural Control of Sleep/Waking Transitions Neural Control of Transition to REM Disorders of Sleep Insomnia Narcolepsy REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep Biological Clocks Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag Chapter 10. Reproductive and Parental Behavior Sexual Development Production of Gametes and Fertilization Development of the Sex Organs Sexual Maturation Control of Sexual Behavior by Hormones and Pheromones Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization Human Sexual Behavior Effects of Pheromones Neural Control of Sexual Behavior Male Sexual Behavior Female Sexual Behavior Formation of Pair Bonds Sexual Orientation Activational and Organizational Effects of Hormones Role of Steroid Hormones Sexual Orientation and the Brain Role of Prenatal Environment in Sexual Orientation Heredity and Sexual Orientation Parental Behavior Maternal Behavior of Rodents Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior Neural Control of Maternal Behavior Neural Control of Paternal Behavior Chapter 11. Emotion Fear Components of Emotional Response Research with Laboratory Animals Research with Humans Aggression Research with Laboratory Animals Research with Humans Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior Impulse Control Role of the vmPFC Brain Development and Impulse Control Serotonin and Impulse Control Moral Decision Making Communication of Emotions Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression Feeling Emotions The James-Lange Theory Feedback from Emotional Expressions Chapter 12. Ingestive Behavior Drinking Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms Two Types of Thirst Neural Mechanisms of Thirst What Is Metabolism? The Short-Term Reservoir The Long-Term Reservoir Fasting Phase Absorptive Phase What Starts a Meal? Environmental Factors Gastric Factors Metabolic Signals What Stops a Meal? Short-Term Satiety Environmental Factors Sensory Factors Gastric Factors Intestinal Factors Liver Factors Insulin Adipose Tissue Factors Brain Mechanisms Brain Stem Hypothalamus Obesity Possible Causes Treatment Eating Disorders Possible Causes Treatment Chapter 13. Learning and Memory Overview of Learning and Memory Types of Learning Types of Memory Stimulus-Response Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Motor Learning Role of the Cortex Role of the Basal Ganglia Perceptual Learning Role of the Cortex Retaining Perceptual Information in Short-Term Memory Relational Learning Role of the Hippocampus Role of the Cortex Amnesia Role of the Hippocampus Stimulus-Response Learning Motor Learning Perceptual Learning Relational Learning Long-Term Potentiation Induction of Long-Term Potentiation Role of NMDA Receptors Role of AMPA Receptors Role of Synaptic Changes Chapter 14. Human Communication Language Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms Lateralization Language Production and Comprehension in the Brain Bilingualism Prosody Voice Recognition Disorders of Language Production and Comprehension Disorders of Language Production: Broca’s Aphasia Disorders of Language Comprehension: Wernicke’s Aphasia Conduction Aphasia Aphasia in People Who Are Deaf Stuttering Disorders of Reading and Writing Pure Alexia Toward an Understanding of Reading Toward an Understanding of Writing Chapter 15. The Developing Nervous System Development of the Nervous System An Overview of Brain Development Prenatal Brain Development Postnatal Brain Development Disorders of Development Toxic Chemicals Inherited Metabolic Disorders Down Syndrome Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms Genetic and Environmental Factors Brain Changes Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Genetic and Environmental Factors Brain Changes Chapter 16. Neurological Disorders Tumors and Seizures Tumors Seizures Cerebrovascular Accidents Causes Treatments Traumatic Brain Injury Causes Treatments Degenerative Disorders Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Parkinson’s Disease Huntington’s Disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis Dementia Korsakoff’s Syndrome Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases Encephalitis Meningitis Chapter 17. Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders Schizophrenia Description Genetic Factors Environmental Factors Anomalies in Schizophrenia The Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway: Positive Symptoms The Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway: Negative and Cognitive Symptoms Affective Disorders Description Genetic Factors Biological Treatments Role of the Frontal Cortex The Monoamine Hypothesis Role of the 5-HT Transporter Role of Neurogenesis Role of Circadian Rhythms Chapter 18. Stress and Anxiety Disorders Stress Physiology of the Stress Response Health Effects of Long-Term Stress Effects of Stress on the Brain Psychoneuroimmunology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Genetic and Environmental Factors Brain Changes Treatment Anxiety Disorders Symptoms Genetic and Environmental Factors Brain Changes Treatment Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms Genetic and Environmental Factors Brain Changes Treatment Chapter 19. Substance Abuse Common Features of Substance Abuse Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Genetic Factors Alcohol Nicotine Stimulants Brain Mechanisms Associated with Commonly Abused Drugs Opiates Stimulants Nicotine Alcohol Cannabis Treatment for Substance Abuse Opiates Stimulants Nicotine Alcohol Brain Stimulation Glossary References Name Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Subject Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S ß S T U V W X Y Z