Introduction to Public Health, 6th Edition

go here Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Brief Contents Contents Preface Prologue: Public Health in the News About the Authors CHAPTER 1 Public Health: Science, Politics, and Prevention What Is Public Health? Public Health Versus Medical Care The Sciences of Public Health Prevention and Intervention Public Health and Terrorism Conclusion References CHAPTER 2 Why Is Public Health Controversial? Economic Impact Individual Liberty Moral and Religious Opposition Political Interference with Science Conclusion References CHAPTER 3 Powers and Responsibilities of Government Federal Versus State Authority How the Law Works How Public Health Is Organized and Paid for in the United States Local Public Health Agencies State Health Departments Federal Agencies Involved with Public Health Nongovernmental Role in Public Health Conclusion References CHAPTER 4 Epidemiology: The Basic Science of Public Health How Epidemiology Works A Typical Epidemiologic Investigation: Hepatitis Outbreak Legionnaires’ Disease Eosinophilia–Myalgia Syndrome Epidemiology and the Causes of Chronic Disease Heart Disease Lung Cancer Conclusion References CHAPTER 5 Epidemiologic Principles and Methods Kinds of Epidemiologic Studies Intervention Studies Cohort Studies Case-Control Studies Conclusion References CHAPTER 6 Problems and Limits of Epidemiology Problems with Studying Humans Sources of Error Proving Cause and Effect “4/20” Day and Fatal Accidents: Doobie-ous Results Epidemiologic Studies of Hormone Replacement Therapy: Confusing Results Ethics in Epidemiology Conflicts of Interest in Drug Trials Conclusion References CHAPTER 7 Statistics: Making Sense of Uncertainty The Uncertainty of Science Probability The Statistics of Screening Tests Rates and Other Calculated Statistics Risk Assessment and Risk Perception Cost–Benefit Analysis and Other Evaluation Methods Conclusion References CHAPTER 8 The Role of Data in Public Health Vital Statistics The United States Census NCHS Surveys and Other Sources of Health Data Is So Much Data Really Necessary? Accuracy and Availability of Data Confidentiality of Data Conclusion References CHAPTER 9 The “Conquest” of Infectious Diseases Infectious Agents Means of Transmission Chain of Infection Rabies Smallpox and Polio Smallpox Polio Backsliding: Measles and Malaria Fear of Vaccines Conclusion References CHAPTER 10 The Resurgence of Infectious Diseases The Biomedical Basis of AIDS Ebola West Nile, Zika, and Other Emerging Viruses Influenza New Bacterial Threats Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Prions Public Health Response to Emerging Infections Public Health and the Threat of Bioterrorism Conclusion References CHAPTER 11 The Biomedical Basis of Chronic Diseases Cardiovascular Disease Cancer Diabetes Other Chronic Diseases Conclusion References CHAPTER 12 Genetic Diseases and Other Inborn Errors Environmental Teratogens Genetic Diseases Genetic and Newborn Screening Programs Genomic Medicine Ethical Issues and Genetic Diseases Conclusion References CHAPTER 13 Do People Choose Their Own Health? Education Regulation Does Prohibition Work? Conclusion References CHAPTER 14 How Psychosocial Factors Affect Health Behavior Health of Minority Populations Stress and Social Support Psychological Models of Health Behavior Ecological Model of Health Behavior Health Promotion Programs Changing the Environment Conclusion References CHAPTER 15 Public Health Enemy Number One: Tobacco Biomedical Basis of Smoking’s Harmful Effects Historical Trends in Smoking and Health Regulatory Restrictions on Smoking: New Focus on Environmental Tobacco Smoke Advertising: Emphasis on Youth Taxes as a Public Health Measure California’s Tobacco Control Program The Master Settlement Agreement FDA Regulation Electronic Cigarettes Conclusion References CHAPTER 16 Public Health Enemy Number Two—and Growing: Poor Diet and Physical Inactivity Epidemiology of Obesity Diet and Nutrition Promoting Healthy Eating Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Youth Obesity Physical Activity and Health How Much Exercise Is Enough, and How Much Do People Get? Promoting Physical Activity Confronting the Obesity Epidemic Conclusion References CHAPTER 17 Injuries Are Not Accidents Epidemiology of Injuries Analyzing Injuries Motor Vehicle Injuries Pedestrians, Motorcyclists, and Bicyclists Poisoning Firearms Injuries Occupational Injuries Injury from Domestic Violence Nonfatal Traumatic Brain Injuries Tertiary Prevention Conclusion References CHAPTER 18 Maternal and Child Health as a Social Problem Maternal and Infant Mortality Infant Mortality: Health Problem or Social Problem? Preventing Infant Mortality Congenital Malformations Preterm Birth Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Family Planning and Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy Nutrition of Women and Children Children’s Health and Safety Conclusion References CHAPTER 19 Mental Health: Public Health Includes Healthy Minds Major Categories of Mental Disorders Anxiety Psychosis Disturbances of Mood Disturbances of Cognition Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Children Eating Disorders Mental Health in Adulthood Mental Health in Older Adults Treatment Conclusion References CHAPTER 20 A Clean Environment: The Basis of Public Health Role of Government in Environmental Health Identification of Hazards Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals Occupational Exposures: Workers as Guinea Pigs Newer Source of Pollution: Factory Farms Setting Standards: How Safe Is Safe? Risk–Benefit Analysis Conclusion References CHAPTER 21 Clean Air: Is It Safe to Breathe? Criteria Air Pollutants Strategies for Meeting Standards Indoor Air Quality Global Effects of Air Pollution Conclusion References CHAPTER 22 Clean Water: A Limited Resource Clean Water Act Safe Drinking Water Water Crisis in Flint, Michigan Dilemmas in Compliance Is the Water Supply Running Out? Conclusion References CHAPTER 23 Solid and Hazardous Wastes: What to Do with the Garbage? Sanitary Landfills Alternatives to Landfills Hazardous Wastes Coal Ash Conclusion References CHAPTER 24 Safe Food and Drugs: An Ongoing Regulatory Battle Causes of Foodborne Illness Government Action to Prevent Foodborne Disease Additives and Contaminants Drugs and Cosmetics Food and Drug Labeling and Advertising Politics of the FDA Conclusion References CHAPTER 25 Population: The Ultimate Environmental Health Issue Public Health and Population Growth Global Impact of Population Growth: Depletion of Resources Global Impact of Population Growth: Climate Change Dire Predictions and Fragile Hope Conclusion References CHAPTER 26 Is the Medical Care System a Public Health Issue? When Medical Care Is a Public Health Responsibility The Conflict Between Public Health and the Medical Profession Licensing and Regulation Ethical and Legal Issues in Medical Care Ethical Issues in Medical Resource Allocation Conclusion References CHAPTER 27 Why the U.S. Medical System Needs Reform Problems with Access Why Do Costs Keep Rising? Approaches to Controlling Medical Costs Managed Care and Beyond The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Rationing Conclusion References CHAPTER 28 Health Services Research: Finding What Works Reasons for Practice Variations The Field of Dreams Effect Outcomes Research Quality Medical Care Report Cards Inequities in Medical Care The Relative Importance of Medical Care for Public Health Conclusion References CHAPTER 29 Public Health and the Aging Population The Aging of the Population: Trends Health Status of the Older Population General Approaches to Maximizing Health in Old Age Preventing Disease and Disability in Old Age Medications Osteoporosis Falls Impairment of Vision and Hearing Oral Health Alzheimer’s and Other Dementias Medical Costs of the Elderly Proposals for Rationing Conclusion References CHAPTER 30 Emergency Preparedness, Post-9/11 Types of Disasters and Public Health Responses New York’s Response to the World Trade Center Attacks Response to Hurricane Katrina Principles of Emergency Planning and Preparedness Bioterrorism Preparedness Pandemic Flu Conclusion References CHAPTER 31 Public Health in the Twenty-First Century: Achievements and Challenges Challenges for the 21st Century Strategic Planning for Public Health Dashed Hopes for the Integration of Public Health and Medical Practice Information Technology The Challenge of Biotechnology The Ultimate Challenge to Public Health in the 21st Century Conclusion References Glossary Index Bonus Chapter: Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic