Good Thinking: Seven Powerful Ideas That Influence the Way We Think, 2nd Edition

https://semichaschaver.com/2025/04/03/fwi1i8iz Cover Half-title page Title page Copyright page Dedication Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Part I One The Game of Logic – What Follows from What 1.1 Logic: An Overview 1.2 Falling for Fallacies 1.3 A Closer Look at How People Reason 1.4 Fast and Slow Decision-Making 1.5 When People Engage in More Sophisticated Reasoning Than Experimenters Ask For 1.6 How to Reason More Logically Two Moral Judgment – How We Tell Right from Wrong 2.1 Moral Rules 2.2 How We Make Moral Decisions 2.3 Paul Bloom: Against Empathy 2.4 Improving the Ability to Empathize 2.5 Why We Avoid Empathizing 2.6 Are There Universal Moral Rules? 2.7 Gender Differences in Moral Judgment 2.8 The Bottom Line 2.9 How to Improve Your Moral Judgments Three Analogical Reasoning – The Heart and Soul of Insight, Discovery, and Genius 3.1 Analogy as We Usually Do It 3.2 Why Analogy Is the Core of Cognition 3.3 How to Improve Analogical Thinking Four Scientific Reasoning – Proving What Causes What 4.1 The Core Concept Underlying All Scientific Investigations: Causality 4.2 How People Decide What Causes What 4.3 Plausibility Bias Leads to Confirmation Bias 4.4 The Hypothetico-Deductive Method of Inquiry 4.5 Why People Have Confirmation Bias 4.6 The Importance of Considering Alternatives 4.7 A Disturbing Example of Bad Science 4.8 A Shining Example of Good Science 4.9 How to Improve Scientific Reasoning Five Decision-Making – Choosing What Is Most Likely to Give You What You Most Want 5.1 The Controversy about Cancer Screening 5.2 How the Experts Think about Rational Choice 5.3 How People Think about Probabilities 5.4 We Are Inconsistent in Ordering Our Preferences 5.5 Why People Don’t Always Behave Like Rational Agents 5.6 Emotions and Decision-Making: The Good, the Bad, and the Downright Ugly 5.7 The Global Economic Meltdown of 2008 (or Why You’re Still Paying Off Student Loans) 5.8 How NOT to Improve Decision-Making 5.9 How to Improve Decision-Making Six Game Theory – When You’re Not the Only One Choosing 6.1 The Basics of Game Theory and Economic Theory 6.2 Game Theory and Deciding Whether or Not to Trust 6.3 Experimental Economics: What People Actually Do 6.4 How Our Brain is Wired for Cooperation 6.5 Why Human Behavior in Economic Games Differs from Game Theory Predictions 6.6 Ayn Rand and Objectivism 6.7 The Bottom Line 6.8 How to Use Game Theory to Improve Decision-Making and Negotiating Skills Seven Creative Problem-Solving – Turning What You Don’t Want into What You Do Want 7.1 The Basics: How We Define the Terms “Problem” and “Problem-Solving” 7.2 How Experts Solve Problems 7.3 Artificial Intelligence: Machines Who Think 7.4 Insight and Genius 7.5 The Enemy of Creative Insight 7.6 How to Improve Your Creativity 7.7 Before You Leave This Chapter, Try Your Hand at These Insight Problems Part II Eight Into the Weeds of Logic – How It’s Done 8.1 Take-Home Points 8.2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 8.3 A Journey into Logic Land 8.4 How Aristotle Characterized Good Thinking 8.5 Propositional Logic: An Overview 8.6 Truth Functional Logic 8.7 First-Order Logic 8.8 Higher-Order Logics 8.9 When the World Changes: Defeasible Reasoning 8.10 The Bottom Line Nine Into the Weeds of Moral Judgment – How It’s Done 9.1 Take-Home Points 9.2 How We Should Make Moral Judgments According to Western Culture 9.3 Religion, Politics, and Morality 9.4 How We Should Make Moral Judgments According to Non-Western Cultures 9.5 The Bottom Line Ten Into the Weeds of Analogical Reasoning – How It’s Done 10.1 Take-Home Points 10.2 Philosophical Theories of Analogical Reasoning 10.3 Psychological Theories of Analogical Reasoning 10.4 The Bottom Line Eleven Into the Weeds of Scientific Reasoning – How It’s Done 11.1 Take-Home Points 11.2 What Philosophy Has Taught Us about Causality 11.3 What Philosophy Has Taught Us about Hypothesis Testing 11.4 How Science Is Done 11.5 Evaluating Data and Plausibility to Decide What Causes What 11.6 The Bottom Line Twelve Into the Weeds of Rational Decision-Making – How It’s Done 12.1 Take-Home Points 12.2 How We Are Supposed to Update Our Beliefs 12.3 Bayesian Reasoning 12.4 An Alternative Means of Testing Hypotheses 12.5 The Bottom Line Thirteen Into the Weeds of Game Theory – How It’s Done 13.1 Take-Home Points 13.2 Real-World Game Theory Applications 13.3 The Nuts and Bolts of Game Theory 13.4 Trust Games 13.5 Dictator and Ultimatum Games 13.6 The Bottom Line Fourteen Into the Weeds of Problem-Solving – How It’s Done 14.1 Take-Home Points 14.2 When Problems Are Well Defined 14.3 When Problems Are Not So Well Defined 14.4 Uninformed Search 14.5 Informed Search Methods 14.6 Production Systems 14.7 Neural Networks 14.8 The Bottom Line Appendix A Answers to Insight Problems Answer Key to Quizzes Notes Index