Demystifying COVID-19: Understanding the Disease, Its Diagnosis and Treatment

Buy Soma In Europe Welcome Table of Content Title BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD. End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use) Usage Rules: Disclaimer: Limitation of Liability: General: PREFACE CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Contagion of the Pandemics: The Situation in the World Abstract FATALITY AND MORTALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNTRIES WHICH COUNTRIES HAVE THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF CASES? TO NORMALIZE OR NOT TO NORMALIZE, IT IS THE MAIN QUESTION! CONTAGIOUSNESS OF CORONAVIRUS In What Ways is Coronavirus Transmitted? Where is The Contamination Happening? Is It Airborne? Air Conditioning + 1 Patient = 10 Patients: Who is Guilty? How is The Air Conditioner Cleaned? How Should We Clean Our Air Conditioner? CONCLUSION REFERENCES How Can a Country Defeat COVID-19? Value of R0, Rt and Re Abstract What are R0, Rt, and Re? Incubation period Principles of surveillance and struggle with the pandemic: How countries differ from each other? How effective is home stay, social / individual isolation in preventing the spread of COVID-19? Belgium has a very different case situation Herd immunity and the 'second wave' problem: Myth or truth? Is the ‘ordinary citizen’ also guilty? Which mistakes did they do in the pandemic and ‘normalization’? How does this disease end? The Spanish flu experiences of 1918: Does history light our way? Why is It Called ‘Spanish Flu’? Is It Different From Other Flu Syndromes? What happened in the USA? Mass Graves Were Opened in The Usa in September 1918 Due To Massive Death Toll REFERENCES Comorbid Diseases and COVID-19: COPD, Smoking, Obesity, Diabetes, Cancer, and Kidney Failure Abstract The Relationship between COVID-19 Fatality Rate and Comorbidities Pulmonary Diseases and COVID-19 Could COVID-19 Infection also Cause COPD-AA? Are Patients with COPD or Asthma at High Risk for Contracting COVID-19? Are Patients with COPD at High Risk for Severe COVID-19 and Death? How are The Follow-up and Treatment of COPD and COPD-AA Cases During The Pandemics? Are Systemic Corticosteroids (CST) Used in COPD-AA During Pandemic? Are There Any Changes For Asthma Patients? How is an Asthma Attack Treated While Infected with COVID-19? Is the Use of Nebulizers Recommended in The Treatment of Asthma/COPD During The COVID-19 Outbreak? Does Smoking and COPD Development Alter Expression of ACE2 Receptors? Does Smoking Affect Clinical Course? Is Smoking also Effective in Influenza? Is COVID-19 More Severe in Smokers? What are The Key Findings of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes with High Level of Evidence? What is “Smoker’s Paradox” (SP), are There any Justifications? Obesity and COVID-19 Numerical Data showing the Relationship between Obesity and COVID-19 Diabetes and COVID-19 In a Diabetic Patient Hospitalized in The COVID-19 Process, There will be 5 Essential Steps of Management Cancer and COVID-19 Why are Cancer Patients More Disadvantaged in Terms of COVID-19? Are There any More Special Risk Groups among People with Cancer? Can Cancer be Diagnosed During The Pandemic Period, and can Interventions be Performed as Before? Are there Specific Difficulties in Diagnostic Interventions for COVID-19? Are There Specific Difficulties for Cancer Patients Regarding Care and Treatment? Is there any Difference Regarding the Psychological Conditions of Cancer Patients in this Period? The Risk of Reactive or Major Depression will be further Increased What are the General Messages? Renal Failure (RF), Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) And COVID-19 Lung-Kidney Axis (LKA): A New Pathway for Kidney Damage? CONCLUSION REFERENCES Risks and Losses of Healthcare Workers in the Pandemic Era Abstract Phenomena proven to increase the risk of COVID-19 transmission in HCW Is COVID-19 Risky for HCW? How much Risk COVID-19 Impose on HCW? Headlines from various countries The situation in Turkey Situations Increasing the Risk of Infection to HCW Findings Precautions and Measures Personal Protective Equipment Sequence of Control Measures Infection Protection and Control Measures Psychosocial Problems in HCW During The Pandemics What kind of Interventions can be Pursued to Support The Resilience and Mental Health of Frontline HCW During The Pandemic? Is there any good news to convey? Conclusion REFERENCES What Kind of Disease is this? Signs and Symptoms, Predictors of Clinical Course and Management Abstract Do Patients Who Are Diagnosed Necessarily Have Symptoms? Asymptomatic And Symptomatic… is There A 3rd Way? Can A Mild-looking Patient Worsen Quickly? Which Markers Can We Use To Predict Clinical Worsening? Radiological Criteria Typical Case How Are Covid And Cough Related? Cough In Terms of Contagiousness Pharmacological Methods To Relieve Cough Gastrointestinal Complaints And Findings In The Course of Covid-19 Corona Facts: Which Is Correct? Conclusion REFERENCES Diagnosis of COVID-19: Which Tests To Do? Laboratory and Radiological Adjuncts To Recognition Abstract Laboratory Tests Cytokines and Related Findings Laboratory Values Can Also Highlight The Stages of The Disease Do Antibody Tests Give Accurate Results In The Early Period After Infection? Chest Imaging - Radiological Examinations Which Should We Choose? X-ray, CT, USG, or MR? Case Example and Time Course of the Disease Conclusion References Cardiovascular Disease, Myocarditis, Infarctions, And COVID-19 Abstract Key Findings From Different Database Studies Are ethnic differences important for COVID-19? HT and COVID-19 Myocardial injury severity and mortality How Much Myocardial Damage Occurs in COVID-19? In Whom Does Myocardial Damage Occur and How Do We Identify It? Any Pathological Finding? Global View of Myocardial Infarction (STEMI / NSTEMI) After COVID-19 Did The Pandemic Affect Heart Attacks? What Should Be Done? COVID-19 and Myocardial Damage, Myocarditis Fulminant Myocarditis (FM) Symptoms and Signs in Myocarditis Ancillary Studies Thrombotic Events, Bleeding, Coagulopathies, and COVID-19 Cytokine-Mediated Alveolar Inflammation Triggers the Formation Of Microthrombi In The Pulmonary Vasculature, Which Can Culminate Into Thrombi Or Embolism In Severe Cases Increased D-dimer, PT, aPTT, CRP, ESR, and PCT Levels Noted on Presentation were Found To Be Associated With Death In Covid-19 Patients (Al-Samkari et al., 2020) Additional Note: Mean Values Of Fibrinogen, Ferritin, Pct Are Also Higher In Patients With Thrombosis Pathological Mechanism Conclusion References Gastrointestinal Signs and Symptoms in the Course of COVID-19 Abstract INTRODUCTION How Important is GIS in The Pathophysiology of The Virus? Which GI Findings Do We Mention About? Children and GI Complaints Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and COVID-19 Hepatic Damage and COVID-19 CONCLUSION References Is Our Psychology Affected By the Pandemic? How? Abstract What are Stress Reactions? What can we do? Why are we Stressed During this Period? Adverse emotional, physical, or Cognitive Responses that Arise in Response to the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic Include COVID-19 and our Psychology: What do the Researchers Say? COVID-19 and Dealing with Stress Coping with Stress Awareness of Emotions Social Relations Try not to Disturb your Routine and Sleep Patterns Do Hobbies Work? What Does Physical Activity Bring us? Bias and Stigmatization Conclusion References COVID-19 and Our Brain: What's New? Abstract Introduction How can Covid-19 affect the brain and nervous system? What kind of damage does COVID-19 cause in the brain? What kinds of neurological signs and symptoms do COVID-19 can be evident? Does it have long-term effects on the CNS? Effects of COVID-19 on people with neurological disorders Does COVID-19 increase the risk of stroke? Many patients mention loss of smell / taste Is there an association between anosmia and respiratory failure? Does COVID-19 trigger brain tissue inflammation (encephalitis)? What are the treatment methods after COVID-19 inflicts the CNS? CONCLUSION References COVID-19 Pneumonia and ARDS: The Real Killer? Abstract Definition Clinical Features Diagnosis The most common CT findings on presentation (Adapted from Pan et al, 2020) Differential Diagnoses Other situations to be distinguished Serum Antibody Detection Laboratory Findings Risk Factors for Severe Disease ARDS Treatment of Pneumonia and ARDS Hypoxia Management in Severe and Critical COVID-19 Patient Non-intubated Patient Prone Position High-flow Nasal Oxygen Treatment (HFNO) Target Levels for Oxygenation Nebulized Treatment Intubated Patient Specific Drug Treatments CONCLUSION REFERENCES Pregnancy, COVID-19, and Children: Dangerous Trio? Abstract WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PREGNANT WOMEN WITH COVID-19? Should there be a Different Warning for Pregnant Healthcare Workers? Could the Pregnant Women with Covid-19 Transmit the Disease to the Baby? How is Protection from Covid-19 during Pregnancy? What are the General Treatment Methods in Pregnant Women? Are the Drugs used in the Treatment of Covid-19 Harmful during Pregnancy? Can the Woman with COVID-19 Breastfeed her Baby? Is there Anything to Pay Attention to After Birth? Can Children Take COVID-19 Medications Used by Adults? COVID-19 IN CHILDREN: IT IS NOT A FAIRY TALE, IT IS A REALITY Are the Children “Carriers of COVID-19”? Are the Signs and Symptoms in Children Different from Adults? Is COVID-19 more Risky for Children with Asthma or Allergies? What are the Risks? Are the Laboratory Findings Different in Children? Which Children get COVID-19? How is the Covid-19 Virus Transmitted to Children? Should Masks and Gloves be used for Children who are Going Out Necessarily? Since The Mortality Rate in Children is Close to Zero, Covid-19 has Nothing to do with Children, Right? Should Children be Locked up at Home? Does the Baby's Breastfeeding Affect the Covid-19 Clinical Course? How is the Diagnosis Made? Imaging Principles for Pediatric COVID-19 Suspected Cases Can Sequential Cxr be Requested? Can CXR be Ordered After Recovery? Discharge Criteria How Can we Tell Kids About COVID-19? CONCLUSION REFERENCES COVID-19 and The Elderly: Is It Different From The Young? Abstract What kind of symptoms should raise suspicion of COVID-19 in the elderly? Is there any difference between other epidemics and COVID-19 in this regard? Is COVID-19 different in the elderly? Is there a difference in complaints and findings in elderly people with COVID-19 compared to young people? There are special difficulties for the elderly in the treatment and follow-up process. What can be done? Conclusion References Principles of Treatment Abstract Antivirals Nucleotide Analogues (NA) 1. Favipiravir 2. Ribavirin 3. Remdesivir (GS-5734) 4. Nafamostat Mesylate 5. Nitazoxanide Neuraminidase Inhibitors (NAI) (Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir) Lopinavir / Ritonavir (Kaletra) Umifenovir (Arbidol) Chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (Plaquenil®) Does HCQ Have any Benefit in Prophylaxis? The Dark Side of The Moon: Doubts about HCQ Effectiveness Principles of Antibiotic Treatment in COVID-19 Co-infections in COVID-19 Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of COVID-19 Why are Antibiotics Used? How Do We Decide On Antibiotic Treatment? Angiotensin 1 Receptor Blockers (AT1RBs) (-sartans: Losartan, telmisartan, olmesartan) Corticosteroids Effectiveness of IV Pulse CSD in the Treatment of COVID-19 N-acetyl-cysteine ​​(NAC) CAN WE USE PAINKILLERS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS IN COVID-19? How to Decide for Treatment of Pain in The Pandemic Period? Paracetamol and NSAIDs How About Aspirin? Should Pregnant Women Take NSAIDS? Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) Inhibitors Specific Pain Syndromes and COVID-19 - Headache Safety and NSAIDs The Differences Between the Agents Tocilizumab as a NSAID IS VITAMIN C EFFECTIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF COVID-19, SEPSIS AND ARDS? Antioxidant AscA AscA in Sepsis AscA in ARDS AscA in The Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) Effect on Coagulation Disorders High Dose Vitamin C (AscA) Treatment in COVID-19 VITAMIN D AND COVID-19: A REAL TREATMENT? Is COVID-19 related to vitamin D? What are The Claims Related to Infections and DV? Immune Modulatory Effect and Vitamin D Who are The Risk Groups? Smoking, Men, and vitamin D: a Bad Trio? Vitamin D in Intensive Care What Should Be Considered When Getting DV? CONCLUSION References Critical Care in COVID-19 Abstract CPR, Emergency Cardiac Care and COVID-19: What’s new? Will there be any changes in the CPR? How Should Cpr / Acls Be Done In Covid-19 Period? Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: (OHCA) What Does ERC Say For Resuscitation? What Should We Do If The Intubated Patient Has A Cardiac Arrest? Prearrest Period When IHCA Develops Emergency Airway Interventions During the COVID-19 Period Is There any Difference in RSI / Rapid Sequential Intubation Application? What will we Do Before the Procedure for a Patient Who is Coughing and Who May Succumb to Respiratory Failure? What can we Do to Ensure Mask Seal in Pre-oxygenation? Avoid Attempting PPV without A Good Seal! Videolaryngoscopy (VL) Aspiration What Can We Do Else? Case Report What If We Cannot Succeed With It? HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE AND CARDIAC ADVERSE EFFECTS HCQ and Cardiac Adverse Effects, Ventricular Arrhythmias COVID-19 AND RESPIRATORY FAILURE (RF) ARDS in COVID-19 Management Protocols for RF in COVID-19 Salvage Use Of Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) in The Setting Of Ards Due To COVID-19 Resuscitation in the Prone Position (PP) Who are not Suitable for PP? (contraindications) Common Complications of PP MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK, SEPSIS, RESPIRATORY FAILURE AND ARDS IV Hydration Vasopressors Respiratory Support Indications of Intubating The Patient With COVID-19 Infection During Mechanical Ventilation The LIS or Murray Score Evaluates Lung Injury Over 4 Variables Sepsis and COVID-19 ANTICOAGULANT TREATMENT WITH HEPARIN IN COVID-19 Can we Administer Nebulized Anticoagulation? Does It Also Have An Anti-inflammatory And Antiviral Effect? The Role of Antiplatelet Drugs in COVID-19 Treatment Phosphodieasterase Inhibitors (PDEI): Dipyridamole Thienopyridines: Ticlopidine & Clopidogrel Glycoprotein IIb / IIIa Inhibitors COVID-19 PLASMA TREATMENT: THE CURRENT SITUATION, DREAMS, AND REALITY Passive Antibody Treatment (Convalescent / Immune Plasma Treatment) Do People Who Have Experienced COVID-19 Have IgG? Mechanism of Action Preparation of CP Side Effects CONCLUSION References Principles of Vaccination: Will it be the Definitive Solution? Abstract Is Vaccination the definitive solution to pandemics? Does it take long to develop the COVID-19 vaccine? Against which part of the SARS-CoV-2 structure are vaccines developed? Structure of CoV Potential vaccine initiatives that can be developed against COVID-19 Some Types of Vaccines Being Developed Against SARS-CoV-2 1. Protein Subunit (Subunit) Vaccines 2. Viral Vectored Vaccines 3. MRNA Vaccines 4. DNA Vaccines 5. Attenuated Live Vaccines 6. Other Vaccines Published Interim Results of Phase 3 Clinical Studies of Some Vaccines Developed Against SARS-CoV-2 1. BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Analysis Results 2. Results of Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Analysis of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine Will the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Vaccine be able to Effectively Protect us Against the Epidemic? If so, How Long will it Protect? CONCLUSION References