A Topical Approach to Lifespan Development, 10th Edition

enter Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Contents About the Author Dedication Expert consultants Connect Preface Acknowledgments SECTION 1 THE LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE CHAPTER 1 Introduction The Life-Span Perspective The Importance of Studying Life-Span Development Characteristics of the Life-Span Perspective Some Contemporary Concerns connecting with careers Gustavo Medrano, Clinical Psychologist 7 connecting development to life Improving Family Policy 11 The Nature of Development Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Processes Periods of Development The Significance of Age connecting with research Is There a Best Time of Day to Conduct Research? 16 Developmental Issues Theories of Development Psychoanalytic Theories Cognitive Theories Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories Ethological Theory Ecological Theory An Eclectic Theoretical Orientation Research on Life-Span Development Methods for Collecting Data Research Designs Time Span of Research Conducting Ethical Research Minimizing Bias connecting with careers Pam Reid, Educational and Development Psychologist 36 Reach Your Learning Goals 37 APPENDIX Careers in Life-Span Development SECTION 2 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, AND HEALTH CHAPTER 2 Biological Beginnings The Evolutionary Perspective Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior Evolutionary Psychology Genetic Foundations of Development The Collaborative Gene Genes and Chromosomes Genetic Principles Chromosomal and Gene-Linked Abnormalities connecting With Careers Jennifer Leonhard, Genetic Counselor 57 Heredity and Environment Interaction: The Nature-Nurture Debate Behavior Genetics connecting Development To Life Am I an “I” or “We”? 59 Heredity-Environment Correlations The Epigenetic View and Gene × Environment (G × E) Interaction Conclusions About Heredity-Environment Interaction Prenatal Development The Course of Prenatal Development Prenatal Diagnostic Tests Hazards to Prenatal Development Prenatal Care Birth and the Postpartum Period The Birth Process The Transition from Fetus to Newborn connecting With Careers Linda Pugh, Perinatal Nurse 78 Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants Bonding connecting With Research How Are Preterm Infants Affected by Touch? 81 The Postpartum Period Reach Your Learning Goals 84 CHAPTER 3 Physical Development and Biological Aging Body Growth and Change Patterns of Growth Height and Weight in Infancy and Childhood Puberty Early Adulthood Middle Adulthood Late Adulthood connecting With Careers Sarah Kagan, Geriatric Nurse 97 The Brain The Neuroconstructivist View Brain Physiology Infancy Childhood Adolescence connecting DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Strategies for Helping Adolescents Reduce Their Risk-Taking Behavior 105 Adulthood and Aging connecting With Research The Nun Study 108 Sleep Why Do We Sleep? Infancy Childhood Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Adulthood and Aging Longevity and Biological Aging Life Expectancy and Life Span Centenarians Biological Theories of Aging Reach Your Learning Goals 123 CHAPTER 4 Health Health, Illness, and Disease Children’s Health Adolescents’ Health Emerging and Young Adults’ Health Health and Aging connecting With Research How Stressful Is Caring for an Alzheimer Patient at Home? 134 Nutrition and Eating Behavior Infancy Childhood connecting With Careers Dr. Faize Mustafa-Infante, Pediatrician 139 connecting Development To Life Helping Overweight Children Lose Weight 140 Adolescence Adult Development and Aging Exercise Childhood and Adolescence Adulthood Aging and Longevity Substance Use Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Substance Use in Older Adults Reach Your Learning Goals 155 CHAPTER 5 Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development Motor Development The Dynamic Systems View Reflexes Gross Motor Skills connecting Development To Life Parents, Coaches, and Children’s Sports 165 Fine Motor Skills Sensory and Perceptual Development What are Sensation and Perception? The Ecological View Visual Perception connecting With Research How Do Scientists Study the Newborn’s Perception? 170 Hearing Other Senses Intermodal Perception Nature/Nurture and Perceptual Development Perceptual-Motor Coupling Reach Your Learning Goals 183 SECTION 3 COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 6 Cognitive Developmental Approaches Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Processes of Development Sensorimotor Stage connecting With Research How Do Researchers Study Infants’ Understanding of Object Permanence and Causality? 191 Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage connecting Development To Life Are Social Media an Amplification Tool for Adolescent Egocentrism? 199 Applying and Evaluating Piaget’s Theory Piaget and Education Evaluating Piaget’s Theory Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development The Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding Language and Thought Teaching Strategies Evaluating Vygotsky’s Theory Cognitive Changes in Adulthood Piaget’s View Realistic and Pragmatic Thinking Reflective and Relativistic Thinking Cognition and Emotion Is There a Fifth, Postformal Stage? Are There Cognitive Stages in Middle and Late Adulthood? Reach Your Learning Goals 210 CHAPTER 7 Information Processing The Information-Processing Approach The Information-Processing Approach and Its Application to Development Speed of Processing Information Attention What is Attention? Infancy Childhood and Adolescence Adulthood Memory What is Memory? Infancy Childhood Adulthood connecting With Research How Well Do Adults Remember What They Learned in High School and College Spanish? 230 Thinking What is Thinking? Infancy and Childhood connecting With Careers Helen Hadani, Ph.D., Developmental Psychologist, Toy Designer, and Associate Director of Research for the Center for Childhood Creativity 237 Adolescence Adulthood connecting Development To Life The Remarkable Helen Small 243 Metacognition What is Metacognition? Theory of Mind Metacognition in Adolescence and Adulthood Reach Your Learning Goals 250 CHAPTER 8 Intelligence The Concept of Intelligence What is Intelligence? Intelligence Tests Theories of Multiple Intelligences The Neuroscience of Intelligence Controversies and Group Comparisons The Influence of Heredity and Environment connecting With Research Can Early Intervention in the Lives of Children Growing Up in Impoverished Circumstances Improve Their Intelligence? 263 Group Comparisons and Issues The Development of Intelligence Tests of Infant Intelligence connecting With Careers Toosje Thyssen Van Beveren, Infant Assessment Specialist 266 Stability and Change in Intelligence Through Adolescence Intelligence in Adulthood The Extremes of Intelligence and Creativity Intellectual Disability Giftedness Creativity connecting Development To Life Living a More Creative Life 278 Reach Your Learning Goals 279 CHAPTER 9 Language Development What Is Language? Defining Language Language’s Rule Systems How Language Develops Infancy connecting With Careers Sharla Peltier, Speech Therapist 290 Early Childhood connecting With Research What Characteristics of a Family Affect a Child’s Language Development? 292 Middle and Late Childhood connecting With Careers Salvador Tamayo, Teacher of English Language Learners 298 Adolescence Adulthood and Aging Biological and Environmental Influences Biological Influences Environmental Influences connecting Development To Life How Parents Can Facilitate Infants’ and Toddlers’ Language Development 304 An Interactionist View of Language Reach Your Learning Goals 305 SECTION 4 SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 10 Emotional Development and Attachment Exploring Emotion What Are Emotions? Emotion Regulation Emotional Competence Development of Emotion Infancy Early Childhood Middle and Late Childhood connecting With Careers Melissa Jackson, Child Psychiatrist 319 Adolescence Adult Development and Aging Temperament Describing and Classifying Temperament Biological Foundations and Experience connecting Development To Life Parenting and the Child’s Temperament 327 Goodness of Fit and Parenting Attachment and Love Infancy and Childhood connecting With Careers Wanda Mitchell, Child-Care Director 338 Adolescence Adulthood connecting With Research Does the Breakup of a Romantic Relationship Present an Opportunity for Personal Growth? 348 Reach Your Learning Goals 349 CHAPTER 11 The Self, Identity, and Personality The Self Self-Understanding and Understanding Others Self-Esteem and Self-Concept Self-Regulation connecting Development To Life Strategies for Effectively Engaging in Selective Optimization with Compensation 367 Identity What is Identity? Erikson’s View Some Contemporary Thoughts on Identity Developmental Changes Identity and Social Contexts connecting With Careers Armando Ronquillo, High School Counselor 374 Personality Trait Theories and the Big Five Factors of Personality Views on Adult Personality Development Generativity Stability and Change connecting With Research Are Personality Traits Related to Longevity? 381 Reach Your Learning Goals 384 CHAPTER 12 Gender and Sexuality Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on Gender Biological Influences Social Influences Cognitive Influences connecting With Research What Are Young Children’s Gender Schemas About Occupations? 394 Gender Stereotypes, Similarities, Differences, and Classification Gender Stereotyping Gender Similarities and Differences Gender-Role Classification Going Beyond Gender as Binary Gender Development Through the Life Span Childhood Adolescence Adulthood and Aging connecting With Careers Cynthia de las Fuentes, College Professor and Counseling Psychologist 404 Exploring Sexuality Biological and Cultural Factors Sexual Orientation Sexually Transmitted Infections Forcible Sexual Behavior and Sexual Harassment Sexuality Through the Life Span Childhood Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood connecting With Careers Lynn Blankinship, Family and Consumer Science Educator 419 connecting Development To Life Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy 420 Adult Development and Aging Reach Your Learning Goals 425 CHAPTER 13 Moral Development, Values, and Religion Domains of Moral Development What Is Moral Development? Moral Thought Moral Behavior Moral Feeling Moral Personality Social Domain Theory Contexts of Moral Development Parenting Schools Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior Prosocial Behavior Antisocial Behavior connecting With Careers Rodney Hammond, Health Psychologist 449 connecting With Research Does Intervention Reduce Juvenile Delinquency? 451 Values, Religion, Spirituality, and Meaning in Life Values Religion and Spirituality connecting With Careers Gabriel Dy-Liacco, Professor and Pastoral Counselor 457 connecting Development To Life Religion and Coping 458 Meaning in Life Reach Your Learning Goals 460 SECTION 5 SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 14 Families, Lifestyles, and Parenting Family Processes Reciprocal Socialization Family as a System Sociocultural and Historical Influences The Diversity of Adult Lifestyles Single Adults Cohabiting Adults Married Adults Divorced Adults Remarried Adults Gay and Lesbian Adults Parenting Parental Roles connecting With Careers Janis Keyser, Parent Educator 483 Parenting Styles and Discipline connecting With Research Are Marital Conflict, Individual Hostility, and the Use of Physical Punishment Linked? 487 connecting With Careers Darla Botkin, Marriage and Family Therapist 488 Parent–Adolescent and Parent–Emerging Adult Relationships Working Parents Children in Divorced Families connecting Development To Life Communicating with Children About Divorce 496 Stepfamilies Gay and Lesbian Parents Adoptive Parents and Adopted Children Other Family Relationships Sibling Relationships and Birth Order Grandparenting and Great-Grandparenting Intergenerational Relationships Reach Your Learning Goals 506 CHAPTER 15 Peers and the Sociocultural World Peer Relations in Childhood and Adolescence Exploring Peer Relations Peer Statuses Bullying connecting With Research How Are Perspective Taking and Moral Motivation Linked to Bullying? 515 Gender and Peer Relations Adolescent Peer Relations Friendship Functions of Friendship Friendship During Childhood Friendship During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood connecting Development To Life Effective and Ineffective Strategies for Making Friends 519 Adult Friendship Play and Leisure Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Aging and the Social World Social Theories of Aging Stereotyping of Older Adults Social Support and Social Integration Successful Aging Sociocultural Influences Culture Socioeconomic Status and Poverty Ethnicity connecting With Careers Norma Thomas, Social Work Professor and Administrator 543 Reach Your Learning Goals 544 CHAPTER 16 Schools, Achievement, and Work Schools Contemporary Approaches to Student Learning and Assessment Schools and Developmental Status connecting With Careers Yolanda Garcia, Director of Children’s Services, Head Start 552 Educating Children with Disabilities connecting With Careers Carissa Barnes, Special Education Teacher 561 Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity in Schools connecting With Careers Ahou Vaziri, Teach for America Instructor 563 Achievement Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Mastery Motivation and Mindset Self-Efficacy Goal Setting, Planning, and Self-Monitoring Grit Expectations Ethnicity and Culture connecting With Research Parenting and Children’s Achievement: My Child Is My Report Card, Tiger Moms, and Tiger Babies Strike Back 571 Careers, Work, and Retirement Career Development connecting With Careers Grace Leaf, College/Career Counselor and College Administrator 573 Work connecting Development To Life Working During College 575 Retirement Reach Your Learning Goals 580 SECTION 6 ENDINGS CHAPTER 17 Death, Dying, and Grieving The Death System and Cultural Contexts The Death System and Its Cultural Variations Changing Historical Circumstances Defining Death and Life/Death Issues Issues in Determining Death Decisions Regarding Life, Death, and Health Care connecting With Careers Kathy McLaughlin, Home Hospice Nurse 591 A Developmental Perspective on Death Causes of Death Attitudes Toward Death at Different Points in the Life Span Suicide Facing One’s Own Death Kübler-Ross’ Stages of Dying Perceived Control and Denial The Contexts in Which People Die Coping with the Death of Someone Else Communicating with a Dying Person connecting Development To Life Communicating with a Dying Person 600 Grieving Making Sense of the World Losing a Life Partner connecting With Research How Is Widowhood Related to Women’s Physical and Mental Health? 604 Forms of Mourning Reach Your Learning Goals 607 McGraw-Hill APA Documentation Style Guide Glossary References Name Index Subject Index